The Motivation Behind Renewable Energy Development Environmental Sciences Essay

The Motivation Behind Renewable Energy Development Environmental Sciences EssayThe demand on galvanizing zipper has been significantly increase due(p) to the technological and economical developments over the world. In the Past 30 years, the global economy has increased by 3.3% yearly. In the same period, the galvanic push demand grew by 3.6%. In 2007, the electrical energy production of the world was 16,429TWh. It is predicted that the world consumption leave be 28,930 TWh in 2030. Thus, thousands of new personnel plants must be built to cope with the required electrical energy demand. 1Non-renewable energy source such as coal, natural gas, and oil is efficient energy sources due to the ability of produce striking amounts ofelectricity with small amounts. They have been the conventional energy source until now. However, they have many drawbacks such as the limitation in supply and the concentration of reserves in a some countries in this manner raising energy security con cerns. Moreover, the major source of pollution is a fossil fuel. It estimated that the Power stations account for 32% of NOx and 72% of SO, emissions, which cause environmental issues such as climate change and lead to global warming 2 . In addition, according to 4, In 2005, the total of greenhouse gases emissions EEA was 5177 Mt CO2 equivalent comprising 82.5% CO2,8.1% CH4, 8% N2O and 1.4% fluorinated gases. Energy related emissions continue to be dominant, representing somewhat 80% of total emissions, particularly in production and transport of energy (Fig. 1.1). 4 exercise 1.1 Structure of total greenhouse gas emissions writer of image 4Thus, governments be considering the ample use of renewable energy sources, as a result of the security of the energy supply and the growth of the global environmental issues. For instants, the UK government goals are to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide to 20% below 1990 levels by2010 and to put the UK on path to reduce carbon dioxide emissi ons by 60% compared to 2000 levels, by 2050 with real progress by 20203. Such goals cannot be achieved without a deployment of alternative energy sources. Thus, many studies on electrical energy production with renewable have carried out in order of magnitude to substituted the conventional energy source by renewable energy source1.2 Renewable Energy sourcesThe practical definition of renewable energy is a fly the coop of energy, that is not exhausted by being used5. The renewable energy sources like uprise, hydroelectric, biomass, solar , tidal waves and geothermal and solar are clean and in jumbo quantities Available in nature. Moreover, they also have the advantage of having low or no emissions of carbons and that means they are environmentally friendly. In addition, renewable resources can be categorized into devil main categories dispatchable and non-dispatchable. point, solar and tidal waves are classified as non-dispatchable resources. On the other hand, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal are classified dispatchable resources. The difference among them is how electric power can be pull wires. Generally, the dispatchable resources have the energy stored and ready at any time to produce power, whereas, the non dispatchable resources naturally uncontrolled input energy which cannot stored be used when needed later. The main drawback of using renewable resources such as wind and solar is their ability to produce power on demand. Moreover, these renewable resources are more variable than fossil fuel plants. Moreover, the uncontrollable input of wind and solar energy is the main causes of the changeability in power output6. However, among these energies, wind energy production has rapidly increased in the total electricity production in the last decade as shown in figure (1.2). jut out 1.2 global wind power capacity (GW)Source of image REN21 Renewable 2007 Global Report, WWW.ren21.netThis increasing is encouraged by Kyoto Protocol and supported by European Union (EU) Government such as Germany, Denmark and Spain7. According to 8, it is predict that the wind advances will contribute by 12% of total electricity generated in 2020.1.3 Wind EnergyIt has been reported that the wind power were used to pump water for irrigating crops in the seventeenth century B.C by The Babylonians. In addition a unsubdivided horizontal axis wind turbine was described in the third century B.C by Hero of Alexandria, Moreover, The earliest recorded English wind turbine is dated at 11919 . However, When the sun heats an earth land, the surrounding air temperature affected by this heating and as a result the wind is caused. According to freris, the world needed of electricity can be met, if 10% of raw wind utilized. Many factor has an effect on wind intensity, such as altitude, wind speed and location. However, string out area, mountain, oceans and specific hill have a good wind a viability trend. In addition, the wind energy can be converted into e lectrical or mechanical energy is by using wind turbines, which will be discussed next.1.4 Wind TurbineThe most efficient way to convert wind energy into electrical or mechanical energy is offered by wind turbines that operate as a lifting-device 10 .Generally, wind turbines come in two types, which depend on the solicitude of their rotational axis.Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) have a parallel rotational axis to the direction of the wind and capture kinetic wind energy with a propeller type rotor. in addition, three bladed concept Danish is usually used in this type but there is two bladed design which contribute in the reduction of cost and weight of the turbine.Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) have a perpendicular rotational axis to the wind stream and use straight or curved bladed (Darrieus type) rotors in order to capture wind from any direction.Figure (1.3) shows wind turbine configration of the twain types. It is clear that they are composed of a generator, a gear box and a tower. Moreover, the two types have the same ideal efficiency, however, the (VAWT) type is more common 10.Figure 1.3 wind turbine configrationSource of image The encyclopaedia of alternative energy and sustainable livingWhen the wind passing throws the swept area of the blades, it turns and as a result, the falling out turns. The rotational energy converted into electrical energy by the generator which produce alternative current (AC). A transformer is used to ensure that the voltage suited for the distribution placement of a grid. The size of wind turbine is the most important factor of the amount of the produced energy . The typical wind turbine size was less than degree centigrade kW, In the early and mid-1980s. Nowadays, capacities up to 3.5 MW turbines are available11. Moreover, usually wind turbines is a grouped in the same location to form wind farm.1.5 wind farmsTHE counterbalance application of wind power generation of electricity was by the Danes in 1890 12 . Since that , the development in the wind technology has led to introduce a large on shore wind farm. However, a lack of the suitable onshore sites has an effect on this development and is considered as the main motivation behind the effectuation of off shore wind farm. Moreover, the offshore option is based on the higher and constant of the wind speeds which is the main advantage compared to the onshore sits . Figure (1.4) shows that by 2030, the main gain of wind energy is going to be from offshore in Germany13.Figure (1.4) the predicted scheme of the capacity of the wind power installed in Germany until 2030Source of image 13In these conditions one of the most important questions is the transmission concern, i.e. the link of the offshore wind farms to a grid. Generally, wind farm can be machine-accessible to AC grid via a high voltage alternative current (HVAC) or a high voltage direct current (HVDC) connection. However, for distance at least 50km far from the AC network16, ma ny technical problem such as charging current and reduction in the transmitted power make the deployment of HVDC in power transmission for long distance more efficient than HVAC 14 Furthermore, HVDC connection have two main technologies, voltage soured converter (VSC) using IGBTs and note of hand commutated converter (LCC) 15 in addition ,New types of generators (asynchronous generators, doubly fed induction generators and fully converted synchronous generators) are going to be used and, therewith, replace the chaste turbo and salient pole generators13. These generators are have an effect on the power system stability. Moreover , their control is disparate from the former generator. However, the HVDC link and the generator types and its control will be discussed in details in the next chapter.1.6 the motivation and the plan of this project It seems to be that a large offshore wind farm is the best solution for meeting governments renewable energy targets. However, the coordinatio n of the HVDC link and the wind farm a has attracted a lot of attention in the last few years. The aims of this project is to design a HVDC link and a wind farm by using MATLAB simulink software . Due to the complexity of modeling the HVDC link and a wind farm by using double-dyed(a) models of the switching devices, a non switching model of HVDC link using a pharos solution will be considered. This will be done in five stages. In the first stage, the HVDC link with suitable control at wind farm state will be constructed and demonstrated . in the second stage, the HVDC link with suitable control at grid said will be constructed and demonstrated . the both HVDC link in pervious stages will be combining and their action will be demonstrated in the third stage. in the fourth stage, the complete HVDC link will be attached to a phasor model of wind farm in order to demonstrate the operation of the system under different circumstances . in the last stage, a CIGRE 12 bus bench mark model w ill be constructed in order to demonstrate the system operation under both normal and fault conditions.