An Effective Technique and Material in Learning English Essay

An Effective Technique and Material in Learning English English has an important role in many aspects of life. This statement leads us to the reason of why this language should be taught in schools. In Indonesia, English is used as the first foreign language that should be learned by the students even from elementary school until university. In using the language, there are many elements that have to be mastered, covering reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Song refer to a piece of music that have words and can be used in language teaching. It is suggested to include songs in language learning as well. The possibility of using songs in English as a foreign language class has been actively considered for the last two decades. It is considered because songs have many values in language teaching. Orlova (2003), states that it is possible to suggest that among the methodological purposes that songs are used in class, it is possible to rank the following: 1. Practicing the rhythm, stress and the intonation patterns of the English language. 2. Teaching vocabulary, especially in the vocabulary reinforcement stage 3. Teaching grammar. In this respect songs are especially favored by teachers while investigating the use of the tenses. 4. Teaching speaking. For this purpose, songs and mainly their lyrics are employed as a stimulus for class discussion 5. Teaching listening comprehension 6. Developing writing skills. For this purpose a song can be used in a variety of ways. From the songs, we can learn many things such as vocabulary, grammar, listening, speaking, writing, and of course reading. Benefit of Song Griffe (1992: 4) points out some advantages in using songs and music in the language classroom. There are some categories mentioned by Griffe, namely in classroom atmosphere, cultural input, text and student interest. They are as follows; 1. Songs create enjoyable classroom atmosphere Dealing with classroom atmosphere, songs and music can be used to make students relaxed and provide enjoyable classroom conditions. 2. They can introduce the culture of the songs. Either songs or music is reflection of the time and place that produce them. When the teacher brings songs into classroom, he will also bring the culture of the songs in the classroom. 3. Songs can be used as texts Songs also can be used as texts in the same way that a poem, short story or novel provided in the language classroom. From explanation above, songs have many benefits. Some of them are songs can motivate the students and make them more confident in their ability to listen the materials. The Criteria of Song Selection The important thing about choosing a song to do with a class is to make sure that the lyrics are clear. It can be very frustrating for the students not to understand a word. The recording should also be a good one. Lynch (2008), provides three principal song selection criteria, as follows: 1. Use songs that are popular with the students whenever possible. Unfortunately, students frequently select songs for classroom use which are objectionable in some way making the song unusable. 2. Songs must have clear and understandable lyrics. Nothing is worse than a song almost nobody can understand. If you have trouble understanding the lyrics by listening, then another song needs to be selected. 3. Songs should have an appropriate theme. There’s enough bad news, negativity and violence in the world already. Songs with any type of negative theme should be avoided. There are plenty of positive, upbeat, even humorous songs available. It is realized when teaching the students; we should choose the songs with suitable level of difficulty. The suitability of the song is a particularly important issue. It should be known whether or not the students like the song. The use of Singing Procedure There are various ways of using songs in the classroom. The level of the students, the interests and the age of the learners, the grammar point to be studied, and the song itself have determinant roles on the procedure. Apart from them, it mainly depends on the creativity of the teacher. Some examples of these techniques are: 1. Gap fills or close texts . Focus questions 3. True-false statements 4. Put the lines into the correct sequence 5. Dictation 6. Add a final verse 7. Circle the antonyms/synonyms of the given words 8. Discuss Many experienced textbook and methodology manual writers argue that songs have a great educational value. It can’t be denied that children, teenagers, and adults like music. While they are singi ng it, they are also doing other activities like learning, remembering new vocabulary, studying to pronounce words, etc. So, let’s try to learn English by using song and get the result!

My Philosophy of Life Essay

Nowadays, in the XXIst century people are living life of the constant pursuit for money, successful career, what is making impression that only those values are important. Than they have to stop for a while and contemplate about their life goals, their life philosophy. This essay will present my philosophy of life. First of all, the most important thing for me is my family. According to my rules, they are always on the first place, and can count on me, just the same like I can count on them. I was raised by my parents to be a good man who tries to be always kind and helpful for the other people and live in harmony with commandments of my religion. The next thing about my philosophy of life is a proper attitude what means that I have a lot of faith in myself and I am taking challenges with believing in final success. Optimism is very important in man’s life and we cannot forget about it, because it helps in bearing up with difficulties. Having friends is also important; however, the point is to choose wisely and surround yourself with well-wishing and loyal people which won’t stab you in the back when you will need help. My philosophy of life tells that I always have to be myself and listen to my heart as much as I listen to my mind and to play along with the voice of my conscience. I believe, that man should develop himself, every time try to experience something new and always use an opportunity to increase his knowledge in order to be conscious and intelligent. Summing up, I am convinced that the best way to achieve happiness is to be loyal to your family and friends man who has optimistic view on future, as my philosophy of life says.

City Life Vs Country Life Essay

There are many different factors to overcome on why city or country living is better. There is a lot to take into consideration because they greatly differ from each other. The fact of the matter is it is a difficult question because there is no right or wrong answer. Everyone is unique and has different preferences. There are positive and negative elements of both scenarios such as the education and job opportunities, Crime and death rates, as well as the environment/lifestyle and the cost of living. Everyone has their own opinion; depending on what you prefer is what makes one â€Å"better† per say. In the city, there are a lot more opportunities in college with a wider variety of degrees and programs to study resulting in more options of fields to pursue in the future. Some of the best schools in the United States are located in the city. Schools in the city have more extracurricular activities and after school clubs because there are more students to participate making it worth holding many activities after school. It gives students more leisure time to enjoy being active rather than going home to watch television on their free time. Job opportunities are also an advantage of living in the city, as there are many corporations, and businesses where there is a higher chance of getting hired most likely with a higher pay too. There are many different jobs fieldsto pursue in the city to fit your criteria. [M]any economists have reported that wages and job opportunities prove best in more densely populated areas. Larger cities typically provide ample opportunities for employment and entrepreneurial ventures, particularly in niche markets (Tigro).There also could be a disadvantage of job searching in the big city, as there are more people someone else may have more experience and a better education making it harder to land a job. School systems in the country are a bit different, schools are much smaller and do not offer as many programs limiting your educ ation. There are not as many colleges which force the students that do want more options for education to go away for school. This ultimately ends up costing much more; having to pay for housing, out of state tuition’s, and everything else that comes with living away from home. see more:disadvantages of living in the countryside There is indeed an  advantage of education in the country,which is a smaller classroom size.This gives a better student-teacher relationship and there is more one-on-one interaction resulting in a better understanding and more knowledge towards their studies. Job descriptions and duties can be quiet different then living in the city. In the country a lot of people grow, eat, and sell their own crops and what they don’t have they can trade off with their neighbors, whom do the same. It is a common procedure done in rural areas. Being that malls, restaurants, grocery stores, and the buildings in general are significantly spread apart. There are less job opportunities available and the ones that aremost likely do not have a high pay.The work force in smaller towns may be fueled by local manufacturing plants, nearby corporate headquarters or area colleges and universities. Depending on the location and the enterprise, it could be more difficult to make a small town business prof itable (Tigro). This is why some folksrely on other resources for extra funds. Money in the country is not needed as much as in the city because daily living and expenses are not as much The lifestyle/environment and cost of living of these two places greatly differ as well. The city life is a busy, hyper and an active lifestyle where convenience is at your side most of the time compared to living in the country. Population in the city is much greater so movies, malls, restaurants, grocery stores, and other reliable sources are at easy access because there are so many. This makes it very convenient to live in the city where errands are done much faster and easier and free time activities are right on hand when desired. Public transportation is another advantage of living in the city: there are taxies, buses or train stations on almost every corner in big cities making it easier to get around if you have no means of transportation. Since a lot of places in the city are so close, traveling from place to place does not affect much time in your daily schedule making your day more efficient. To come with all of these advantages, living expenses in the city are a bit high. â€Å"[I]n many urban areas, including Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Boston, wor king families often struggle to find affordable housing. Indeed, the price of housing often gets the most attention when it comes to measuring the cost of city living. Rent and housing prices tend to be significantly higher in urban locations†(Palmer).Having all of these amenities at such close reach is convenient but there is always a downfall. In general, the cities with the lowest real estate prices per square foot were cities that have suffered from poor economic conditions for some time (Sauter). In order to live comfortably in the city, having a well-paid job is a must. The lifestyle and environment in the country has a calm, pure and peaceful scenery where everything is open, there are fewer buildings, minimum cars and people cluttering the area giving you a good sense of freedom and tranquility. Activities are very exciting and thrilling in the country also, consisting of hiking, fishing, horseback riding, four wheeling, plus many more. These fun activities can also be good for your health which is a great benefit too. Living expenses in the country are significantly less compared to the city. One individual that was reluctant to move from the city to the country says 10 years later, â€Å"My mortgage is less, taxes are less, car insurance is less, and our needs are less.† (Childs). There is less income in the country but that comes with fewer expenses. [Y]our cost of living could be 1/2 as much as it is in the city. Therefore, taking a $2-3 cut per hour isn’t such a big deal when you look at the big picture. Crime and death rates should definitely be on your check list when debating where to live, it is entirely up to an individual and what makes them more comfortable as it is something that needs to be looked at carefully, there are both advantages and disadvantages to both places. It is known that in the city there is an alarming higher crime rate. Studies demonstrate: the average annual 1993-98 violent crime rate in urban areas was about 74% higher than the rural rate.This is a disadvantage of living in an urban area in the city where crime is a lot more likely to occur to you or someone you know,this may make it uneasy to be comfortable where you live.Something to look at on the positive side is normally you have people around you for most part of your day because there are s o many individuals that live in the city. This makes it a little less likely for someone to be able to get away with something without someone seeing. Crime rates are just so much higher because there are a lot more people in the city increasing those chances. Crime rates in the country are at a comfortably low rate and for the simple fact that there is a smaller population. This is an advantage of living in the quiet rural areas having a more comfortable state of mind knowing murders, rapes, and other horrible crimes are less likely to arise in your hometown. You would assume that just as crime rates are at low  number numbered in the country; deaths from injuries would be as well.Brian Howard of The National Geographic says â€Å"For years, people have moved to the country to escape the dangers of big city life.†In this article a study done by researcher Sage Myers and his team says they attempted to classify deaths from injuries â€Å"across the rural-urban continuum.† They looked at data on 1,295,919 deat hs from injuries in 3,141 U.S. counties from 1999 to 2006. These deaths were caused by car accidents, shootings, falls, drowning, suffocation, and more†¦The researchers found that the risk of death from injury was 1.22 times higher in the most rural counties, compared with the most urban ones. Differences between the life in a city and in the country have many different options to weigh out and there is no right answer because it all depends on one’s personal opinion to decide which lifestyle is the best and how you would prefer to live. There are an extraordinary amount of advantages and disadvantages in education/job opportunities, Crime/death rates, as well as the environment/lifestyle and the cost of living of the two areas. They are both beautiful places in their own way. Work Cited: Childs, Laura. â€Å"Jobs in the country.† . http://www.goodbyecitylife.com/workathome/ruraljobs.htm. Date Accessed: 25 March 2014. Duhart, Detis.†Urban, Suburban, And Rural Victimization, 1993-98.† . http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=812. Date Accessed: 23 March 2014. Howard, Brian. â€Å"Why Cities Are Safer Than Rural Areas: 5 Surprising Facts.† . http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/07/130724-surprising-facts-cities-safer-rural-areas-injury-deaths/. Date Accessed: 23 March 2014. Palmer, Kimberly. â€Å"Why You Pay Extra to Live in the City.† . http://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/articles/2012/09/18/why-you-pay-extra-to-live-in-the-city. Date Accessed: 26 March 2014. Sauter, Michael. â€Å"The Ten Most (and Least) Affordable Cities to Buy a Home†. < www.foxbusiness.com>. http://www.foxbusiness.com/investing/2012/04/17/ten-most-and-least-affordable-cities-to-buy-home/

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 155

Discussion - Essay Example As echoed in history, the president while at the University wrote vast books that talked about race relations after Random House awarded him a contract. Later on, he directed the Illinois Project Vote, which saw a large turnout of the blacks. Further, the rise of the powerful yet social President took the center stage that accentuated him to power. Indeed, Obama is a professional and socially intelligent leader. Leaders are often thought to guide and influence the lives of the others in a positive way (Larson & Paulino, 2014). The incumbent president of the US demonstrates the features of a real leader. He is not only professional but also socially acknowledge throughout the world. For instance, he is familiar with the latest greeting style that he shares with the youths in Jamaica at the University of the West Indies Kingston. In addition, from his early life, Obama demonstrated his professional and social capacities by influencing and organizing the residents of Altgeld Gardens to fight for their rights. Additionally, this noble characteristic featured when he led the Illinois Project Vote that influenced a massive voter turnout. Further, it is evident from his first election as the president of Harvard Law School where he could demonstrate that can deliver despite being a black among the whites. Therefore, the president reveals strong professional and social characteristics that embody h im as a true leader and intelligent

Argument on Mackie's analysis on existence of God Essay

Argument on Mackie's analysis on existence of God - Essay Example On the other hand, theists continue to defend the stance that God exists and can, in fact, coexist with evil. Mackie challenged theist notions by seeking to demonstrate the invalidity and lack of persuasiveness inherent in regard to the presence of God. The basis of Mackie’s argument is the provision of atheist criticisms towards theistic assertions regarding the issue of evil in the world (Geisler 65). However, throughout his argument, Mackie fails to unequivocally prove why the coexistence of God and evil is a contradiction of the presence of an omnipotent and all good God. Mackie’s depiction of God is that of a form of immortal monster that chooses to sit idly despite being aware of the terrible experiences of people in the world as a consequence of his inaction. As a result, Mackie attempts to prove this inconsistency by delving into his understanding of the disposition of an omnipotent being (Geisler 114). It is because of this that this paper will critically asses s Mackie’s arguments using a theistic point of view, thereby showing that Mackie’s argument is incompatible with God’s overall purpose and his vision for the world. Although God frowns upon evil, he reveres free will, thus does not permit unnecessary suffering. The argument presented in this paper will defend a position that reconciles the presence of God with the presence of wickedness, thus highlighting the existence of God. ... In fact, evil presupposes God’s existence since God provides a benchmark on which actions can be considered evil or good. Without the presence of God then evil would be nonexistent, hence it would be impossible to measure actions as either good or evil. This means that all actions, whether right or wrong can be deemed morally neutral since they are performed by individuals who are also morally neutral. Therefore, by allowing evil, in the short run, God could be attaining the eventual objective of destroying evil in the long term (Aquinas 626). In Mackie’s opinion, God’s first priority should be to deter evil even if it means infringing on people’s free will. Therefore, Mackie appears to presume that God’s actions are negligent since he does not stop evil. However, such an assumption is likely to imply that God is obligated to do something, but fails to do it. Being an almighty being, God is not compelled to do anything; for instance, stop evil since if he was, then this would imply that God is constrained by the desires of another higher being. Ironically, God’s omnipotence is evidenced by his capacity not to destroy evil in order to fulfill some form of obligation. As an omnipotent and benevolent being, God must have morally sufficient reasons for allowing the extent of evil in the world (Geisler 37). Despite the amount and types of evil present in the world, a balance also exists such that more good than evil characterizes the world. This makes humans look forward to the future and deem life as worth living. Argument against the existence of God While the argument against the existence of God encompasses a myriad of presumptions, perhaps the

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of Essay

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of a business to act successfully in a socially responsible manner is mainly determined by the products it produces - Essay Example The concept of CRS rose in the 1960’s after World War II (Carroll & Shabana 2010, p. 86). The primary cause of increased concern in the CSR concept is due to consumer concern social behavior of firms. The concept of CSR has faced both favors and objection. The main objection of CSR is that the primary concern of a business is to improve the profit of its stakeholders. Social issues are the interest of the government and corporations ought not to be involved. Business is also thought not to be capable of handling social issues. According to Carroll & Shabana (2010, p. 87), business has acquired enough power and the social power should not be entrusted to it. Embracing CSR concept in businesses will reduce the national competitiveness both at local and global level. On the other hand, CSR concept has been accredited as the source of business success in various ways. First, CSR determines business viability that consequently determines its future operations and success. CSR concept is also believed to offer a platform to enable business institutions to shun influence and regulation by the government. According to Carroll & Shabana (2010, p. 88), use of CSR will help business to anticipate and initiate social events. Such pro-action is less costly than reacting to than responding to social problems encountered. The significant influence of a product to business performance lies in customer awareness. Products highly affect customer’s top of mind awareness that, consequently affect their loyalty. Top of mind awareness depends on customer’s perception of the ethical values of a firm’s product and services. In determining the relationship between product and business performance, this paper explains the corporate social organization and its outcome of different companies. However, business success in penetrating the market is mainly affected by its quality, price and convenience (Vogel

Chinese popular culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese popular culture - Essay Example To be more specific, this paper will also drill into the deep contrast between college graduates and peasant laborers in terms of the issue. The roles of crime and corruption and social stability and mobility will also be discussed to understand the spread of the issue in China fully. Unemployment and Population The current population of The People’s Republic of China has climbed to 0.01% since last year’s update. To date, the country’s population is approximately 1.354 billion, which is 363.3 people per square mile, basing on its total land area—still the largest in the world (World Population Statistics n.p.). The huge population of China is said to be one of the primary reasons why the problem with unemployment still continues. There are so many advancements in China like the establishment of the world’s largest building called the New Century Global Center, which has an area of 1.7 million square meters alone could provide more job opportunities for fresh graduates and other job seekers (Beam n.p.). However, because of their population density, it is still very difficult to accommodate all of those who are jobless. Aside from large buildings for businesses, there are also amusement and entertainment parks that aid in the country’s tourism industry. ... It is twice as difficult for the peasant laborers coming from poor families in rural areas with less or no education at all because they are most likely discriminated or abused at work compared to educated Chinese (Ren 105). In addition, because of the increase in population, landing a job will even be harder for both the white collared and the peasants in the neoliberal globalization era of PRC. Increase in population will also mean increase in social issues because it will be difficult for the government to balance everything by tending to the issues one by one. Problems in housing, education, and social services are also rooted from overpopulation in China. These problems remain unsolved, and they badly need to be paid attention to by the government. Housing, Education, and Social Services The problem of providing houses to so many people also springs from overpopulation. It will be stressful to provide land areas for families to build houses on that is why most of the families li ve in apartments or other high rise buildings in order to save space. However, not all can afford this type of housing. They may be a really rich country, but there is still poverty in some areas there. In terms of education, many are able to go to school, but there are also unlucky ones who do not have the chance. Thus, the competition becomes biased to those who are more educated when it comes to choosing the people for a job position. In the socialist China, they developed a household registration system that has also a connection with education and benefits. This has created a great divide between the rural and urban China creating different levels of social classes.

Counter Terrorism in Comparative Perspective Essay

Counter Terrorism in Comparative Perspective - Essay Example Terrorism has over the years become one of the most pressing and complex issues facing various governments. Despite the attempts made to solve the problem, terrorism still remains a crucial threat to national and global security. The objectives of counterterrorism are to neutralize terrorist cells and operatives and minimize the probability of a terrorist attack. The analysis of the threat of exposure and response to terrorism acts is a collaboration between different institutions of the state such as investigative, prosecutorial, and law enforcement institutions (Setty 2010, p.152). This paper puts UK’s and Spain’s counterterrorism policies into perspective. The comparative analysis spotlights controversial aspects in counterterrorism such as detention devoid of trial, excessive surveillance, and deportation of suspected terrorists. The analysis borrows from intertwining axes of legal norms (emanating from international as well as national perspectives) and the associa ted political tenets. However, the success of counterterrorism efforts is not clear cut as they can thrive in a certain country and fail in another. Amnesty, conciliation, repression, legal reform, and restriction, are some of the counterterrorism strategies that states can adopt. United Kingdom Counterterrorism Strategy The UK has a long and chaotic history of fighting domestic and foreign terrorization such as conflicts between Irish Republican Army (IRA), which had escalated in the 1970’s, but largely resolved in 1998. However, the UK has recently been grappling with home grown Islamist extremists. UK counterterrorism strategy can be traced back to the legislation of the Prevention of Violence Act 1939. The Terrorism Act 2000 substituted the earlier counter terrorism policies with a bold policy (Sidel 2007, p. 170). This policy was followed by the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, which featured after 9/11 attacks. The prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 was drafte d post 7 July 2005 London bombings. The Terrorist Act handed the government enhanced powers for suppressing terrorists and their sympathisers. It also instilled coherence in the country’s anti-terrorist legislation (Orttung & Makarychev 2006, p. 4). Counterterrorism laws in UK elevate the rule of law, as well as the call for preservation of civil rights and liberties for terrorist detainees pursuant to criminal prosecution. The judicial scrutiny encompasses whether reasonable grounds exist to charge the detainee with a terrorist offense. The terrorism Act 2000 initially instituted a seven-day period but subsequent amendment accommodated a maximum of 14-day detention without trial in the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Sidel 2007, p. 166). In 2006, the UK government sought to extend the pre-charge detention to 90 days but was scaled down to 28-day limit as established in the Terrorism Act 2006. The UK government has continued to register its preference to extend the pre-charge peri od. Nevertheless, the constitutionality and the efficacy of the extension have come under heavy attack from human rights activists. The pre-charge detention has produced mixed results with lingering questions on efficacy, safeguarding of rights and contribution to national security, observance of rule of law, and institutional legitimacy. Ever since the July 2005 terrorist attacks, the

Suitability of a relational database structure rather than a Essay

Suitability of a relational database structure rather than a spreadsheet table - Essay Example This research is about determining the suitability of a relational database structure over a spreadsheet table for storing and accessing data for a local arts centre. The local arts centre wants to store and access the information on the various classes and/or workshops offered, the tutors, their specialist areas and the people who sign up for the classes. In this scenario there are two main technology options; we can build a spreadsheet structure for managing these operations or we can develop a relational database system to deal with the operations of the local arts centre. The database can be developed using the spreadsheet and relational database structures. In case of effective development and handling of data and its effective manipulation we have seen that relational database structure offers more facilities and functions. However, the spreadsheet structure is also effective in case of small data management because it is easy to produce and manage. But, in case of huge or complex data management and handling we will surely require the relational database structures. Thus, the local arts centre should choose relational database structure for storing the data.

Marketing Planning and Strategy (Poject)1 Assignment

Marketing Planning and Strategy (Poject)1 - Assignment Example technologies apply in the teaching methodology and curriculum development that include all-time internet connectivity, online courseware (Blackboard), and online registration (PMU, 2014). PMU molds its students to become academic, social, and economic achievers. In admitting students, PMU follows the Saudi Arabian governing rules and regulation of higher education without consideration to nationality geographical origin, or religion (PMU, 2014). Under the leadership of university Deanships, PMU offers various courses and adopts the North America model that relies on the credit hour system to value such academic programs (PMU, 2014). Moreover, the university Deanships plans and executes the organization’s strategic plans through the help of the staff, sponsors, management, faculty, government, students, and nongovernmental organizations (PMU, 2014). Indeed, the organization offers scholarship to bright students in partnership with various donors. By 2012, the organization planned to admit about 5,500 students where the financial aid and the tuition fees paid by students derive financial stability and management in the university. PMU faces immense competition from public universities like King Saud University and King Abdulaziz University (4 International Colleges & Universities, 2014). In seeking to achieve its mission and vision, the university follows a defined marketing plan and strategy. Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University has a long-term vision of ensuring that the university achieves a unique and distinguished recognition of becoming a higher education institution with resultant benefits to the students, community, and administration. PMU seeks to achieve this by preparing students to become future professionals in various fields of human knowledge and its application. Moreover, the university aims at adopting new technological methodologies and innovations to pursue its objectives. Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University seeks to enhance and develop

Vibration of Continous Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Vibration of Continous Media - Essay Example The gradient function is the function f’(x) or {dy}/{dx} is called Differentiation is the process of finding the gradient value of a function at whichever point on the curve, and the derivative of f (x). There are diverse ways of demonstrating the derivative of a function: {dy}/{dx}, {df(x)}/{dx}, f’(x), y’, {delta y}/{delta x}, and {y over} Example f(x + h)   =   5(x + h)   =    = = 5 f’(x)   =   Ã‚     =   5 Therefore f(x) = 5x; and f’(x) = 5. Deriving an equation from first principles implies that the equation is systematically proven based on the original principles of physics and mathematics which were postulated as a result of the basic researches and inventions that were postulated by scholars. There are the basic laws and theories of science which are recognized the world over and they form the basis upon which the later day scientific applications are based. The contemporary applications came as a result of manipulations of the initial principles of science. They are currently based on the hybrid equations theories and principles which hail from the maiden principle fronted by the scientific scholars. Putting an equation to conform to the initial principles of science is writing it in first principles. In regard to the equation in question, which is the cable equation; its first principles are the Newton equation and the Hookes equation. Newton is a renowned scholar who came up with numerous scientific principles including the principle of gravitational pull. It is from his principle of force that the cable equation veered. The Newton equation on force is as written below:- The equation forms the stepping stone of the cable equation. The Hookes equation on the other hand is as written below:- In regard to Newton’s equation, it follows that the equation for any kind of motion in respect to the weight of an object which is at the arbitrary location cited as x+h is effectively given or computed by a concerted manipulation which entails getting to equate these two desired forces as fronted form the first principle equations: In this case it is evident that entire time-dependence framework of the desired u(x) has with no doubt been made to be effectively explicit. Based on the above proven outcome, it follows that in the event that the array or list of weights weights in question in this computation which are arbitrary and hence indeed any other arbitrary eights do consist of inevitable N weights which as such are spaced evenly and stretched over the entire length L that is equal to Nh of the entire mass M that is equal to Nm, as well as to the sum total of the constant of the spring which is indeed of the desired array K that is equal to k/N. based on this conceptualizations, it follows that we can be able to comfortably write the entire above equation in the form that follows below: In regard to the stipulated equations, it is possible to compound the equations by making use of basic limits for the equation. Taking the limit N > ?, h > 0 and assuming smoothness one gets: This is manifested by the vibration mechanism of a catapult as well. As the toy trigger is being pulled, tension is applied on the trigger bar, and this relies on newton’s law. The ball is given at first a high pushing force by the gun which makes it vibrate; this also relies on newton’s law. The system uses a number of scientific principles of operation, all of which revolve around the three Newton laws of motion. As the ball

The Supernatural and the witches Essay Example for Free

The Supernatural and the witches Essay The story of Macbeth, like most of Shakespeares plays, tells a story that has a moral lesson attached to it. Macbeth was essentially a man who craved power but even when a prophecy was revealed that he would gain, Macbeth still wasnt truly satisfied. Instead, he went to great lengths to ensure that his power lasted longer than it should have. He submitted to the evil whims and plans of his wife, Lady Macbeth, and put himself in a position that destroyed his self respect, ruined his pride, degraded his honour, and spoiled his integrity. For my essay I have decided to base it on the witches and the super natural things, which take part in the book Macbeth One will always notice the many influences that Macbeth encounters before his downfall. Each one of these may have had some bit of impact on the final outcome. The three most popular causes of the tragedy of Macbeth are the main characters ambition, the witches prophecies, and Lady Macbeths influence over Macbeth. in this case, it is obvious that there was some other force behind him that helped him to change from a respectable, trustworthy man, to a deceiving murderer. In his encounters with the witches, Mabeth was introduced to that fact that he could have more power, and in hearing what he had to do to earn it, he was scared. However, with the witches making this power sound so grand, he was eventually convinced that his dignity was no longer essential. The witches, therefore, were what caused the legacy of Macbeth as a heroic individual to lead to his ultimate death and destruction. At the very beginning of the play it clearly shows that the three witches can foretell the future. They come into the play in the first scene during a horrendous storm and they have foreseen the visit that Macbeth is going to pay them. During Macbeths visit all three witches spoke in rhyme as if they were putting some sort of spell on him for example When the hurly-burlys done, when the battles lost and won They also give Macbeth a prediction, they did this because they knew it would encourage Macbeth to kill because they knew how ambitious he was and what lengths he would go to become king. At the end of the first scene it tells me that the witches have opposite values to us fair is foul and fouls is fair meaning good is bad and bad is good. The witches are very evil and vengeful. I know this because they send a sailor out to sea in a constant thunderstorm for several months. They do this because the sailors wife would not give them one of her many chestnuts. A sailors wife had chestnuts in her lap, and munched, and munched, and munched, and munched. Give me quoth I: Aroint thee, witch! the rump-fed ronyon cries. Her husbands to Aleppo gone, master O the tiger: But in a sieve Ill thither sail, and, like, a rat without a tail Ill do, Ill do, and Ill do. The quote explains why and how the witches gave such a terrible punishment. The witches are described as not looking like typical women. They are very ugly, old and they have beards. Obviously your typical woman would not have a beard. I know this due to the fact Banquo said to the witches live you? Or are you aught? This tells me that the witches are very old. Banquo said to the witches you should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so Clearly this shows that the witches have beards The witches prediction was correct; Macbeth did ultimately murder Duncan and his guards. He murdered the guards just incase they saw something and they were to people about it. Lady Macbeth helped Macbeth murder the guards by putting something in their drinks so they would sleep. Personally I think that Macbeth cannot be held totally responsible for the killing of Duncan and the guards. I think this because other characters did motivate him to murder them such as Lady Macbeth and the witches. So far in the play Macbeth has become Thane of Cawdar by winning the battle against the Norwegians and Macdonald. The witches give Macbeth three Prophecies, which are Thane of Glamis (which Macbeth already is) Thane of Cawdar and the last prophecy that the witches gave to Macbeth is King of Hereafter All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king here after The witches prophecies have already taken a big influence over Macbeths life. Glamis and thane of Cawder: The greatest is behind This meaning for Macbeth the next step is even better than the one before. Macbeth wants to become king but Banquo doesnt trust the witches he refers to them as the devil can the devil speak true Banquo believes that evil spirit would not tell them the truth. Banquo then said to win us to our harm meaning the witches are going to lead Macbeth and Banquo to their own destruction. Banquo was becoming suspicious of the death of Duncan. Macbeth Realises that Banquo heard the witches three prophecies he doesnt like Banqos suspicion so he arranges for him and his son Fleance to be killed. Macbeth wants his son murdered as well as Banquo because the witches have told him that they were the future King. Unfortunately for Macbeth there was a mistake in the killings of Banquo and his son. Although the killing of Banquo was very successful it was very brutal murder it consisted of 20 gashes to his head. His son escaped. That night Macbeth held a big celebrity banquet. This is the scene, which Banquos ghost appears. Macbeth being the only person, who can see him, turned and said to him Thou canst not say I did it. Never shake thy gory locks at me Obviously he does not react well to seeing a ghost at the feast. He denies having anything to do with the murder. When Banquos ghost reappears Macbeth begins to go mad and said to himself Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let earth hide thee Lady Macbeth makes excuses for Macbeth to cover up for his behaviour My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth: pray you, keep seat; the fit is momentary In the quote lady Macbeth is trying to say that her husband is ill and that the Banquet must come to an end due to this. Macbeth again visits the witches for one last final time. Whilst he was there he mentioned that he had gone so far into his murders that he might as well carry on I am in blood stepped so far, that, should I wade no more Also during his visit, the witches are joined by Hecate, who is the queen of witchcraft. This shows the importance Macbeth had in the forces of evil. Not long into Macbeth visit the witches start listing ingredients for some sort of potion, which contains guts, a toad toe, snake, eye of newt, a frog, bats fur, dogs tongue, a humans lips, nose and liver, a wolf tooth, and a finger of a prostitutes baby strangled at birth Fillet of a fenny snake, in the cauldron boil and bake; eye of newt, and toe of frog, wool of bat and tongue of dog, adders fork, and blind-worms sting, lizards leg, and howlets wing, for a charm of powerful trouble, like a hell-broth boil and bubble The witches put all these ingredients into a cauldron to make a potion, which is made for Macbeth to drink. Once Macbeth had drunk the potion he begun to have apparitions. He saw an image of a head with a helmet this symbolised Malcolm coming towards the castle. I think the bloody child represented Macduff being born by a caesarean, the child with a crown on its head holding a branch I think represented Macduff becoming King as he was the only person who could kill Macbeth due to the fact that he was born by caesarean and not by a natural birth and the branch represented Macduffs army approaching Macbeths castle camouflaged into the woods hence the witches prophecy Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnham Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him and Banquo holding a mirror represented Banquo beginning a dynasty of royals. Due to Macbeths previous visit to the witches he proceeds to burn Macduffs castle to kill all his family but he fails to kill Macduff because he had gone away to rally an army somewhere in England. The castle of Macduff I will surprise, seize upon fife; give to th edge o th sword his wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line. No boasting, like a fool; this deed Ill do, before this purpose cool. When Macduff found out about the tragic, and brutal murders of his family he and his army returned to Scotland to kill Macbeth. Each person was carrying a branch from a tree, to form an illusion that they were a moving forest. Just as the witches prophecy said. As I said earlier Macduff was the only person able to kill Macbeth because he was born not of a woman, a lot of the army members have trouble trying to kill Macbeth but eventually Macduff killed Macbeth. Even in his final uttered words before his death, Macbeth refers to two of the witchs apparitions, these being the second and third apparition concerning the Great Birnam wood knocking at his door and his inevitability to anyone born of a woman:

Episodic Memory: Definition and Theories

Episodic Memory: Definition and Theories FRITZ Claudia KRENN Nora SCHALLEHN Anna Episodic memory is defined as a memory for personal unique past experience. Experimental approaches with diverse species were done in order to test for the â€Å"what where and when† of some unique recent event. These experiments provide convergent evidence that processes similar to episodic memory occur in animals, which is the main focus of this essay. The memory in general is divided into two parts – procedural and declarative memory. Declarative memory is further divided into semantic and episodic memory. Episodic memory is the latest kind of memory to develop and the first to degenerate with age. When it was first discussed by Tulving in 1972 he proposed a distinction between episodic and semantic memory, knowing versus remembering. Episodic memory was defined primarily as a memory for personal unique past experience that is what happened, where and when, also known as the WWW theory. According to Tulving â€Å"episodic memory receives and stores information about temporally dated episodes or events, and temporal-spatial relations among these events.† In contrast, semantic memory is the knowledge of general facts, a structured record of details, concepts and skills that we have acquired. It is used as an aid in placing episodic events in time. Semantic information is derived from accumulated episodic memory. Episod ic memory can be thought as a map that ties together items in semantic memory. For example, memory for the experience of dinner at Luigi’s Restaurant last Saturday night is episodic whereas knowledge about what was involved in having dinner at a restaurant in general is semantic. Furthermore supported by evidence that some people with hippocampal damage have semantic but not episodic memory, the definition of episodic memory evolved to emphasize its conscious component, a feeling of re-experiencing the remembered event which is also known as autonoetic consciousness (Tulving 2002). It enables an individual to be aware of the self in a subjective time. It is further claimed to be part of a uniquely human faculty of â€Å"mental time travel,† the ability to mentally project oneself into the future as well as into the past. How does mental time travel the reconstruction of past events work? Imagine the last presentation you gave? Do you remember the audience’s rea ction? You might have snapshots of what the scene looked like. But this imagery does not tend to unfold in an orderly fashion from start to end. Extensive research on episodic memory clearly shows that we do not simply press the rewind button – we actively reconstruct past events from the gist or from visual snapshots, but draw heavily on our general semantic knowledge. We tend to reconstruct in ways that help justify our current attitudes. Let us get back to Tulving’s proposal. Do we agree on the aspect that humans are alone in their ability to recall about the past and imagine the future? Some argue that language is the key difference between humans and animals and that episodic memory can only emerge in an organism that possesses language. However, there have been efforts to demonstrate episodic memory in animals. In one attempt pigeons were taught a language in order to respond to an unexpected question. Furthermore, a fundamental question in comparative cognition is whether animals remember unique personal past experiences. It has long been argued that memories for specific events, known as episodic memory, are unique to humans. We know that animals from dolphins to monkeys can learn from single events. But do they revisit the events that shaped their past? Innovative work by Clayton and Dickson has produced perhaps the strongest case yet for the WWW memory in animals. The animals’ memory is referred to as episodic-like because it satisfies the original definition of episodic memory for what, where and when but without any evidence of autonoetic consciousness. Clayton and Dickinson (1998) where the first ones who tried to demonstrate the discrimination of WWW in scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens). The birds got to cache perishable peanuts on one side of a storage tray and non-perishable wax worms on the other side. Two caching phases were separated by 120 hours. The birds either cached peanuts followed by worms or the other way round. After four hours they were allowed to recover the stored items. Before the actual test phase, one group of the birds learned that worms decay over time, thus after the four hours gap they directed their first inspection to the worm side. After the 124 hours gap the worms had already perished and the birds turned to the peanut side first. To validate that the preference for the peanuts on the longer trial was not because the scrub jays simply forgot where the worms were, the group was compared to a second group. This group learned that the worms never decay as they where removed immediately after caching and replaced by fresh ones. As a result all birds of this group inspected the worm side of the tray in both the short and the long trial first. In conclusion the switch from worm side to peanut side by birds in the first group can only be explained by recalling what items were cached, where they were stored and when they were cached, which is evidence for episodic-like memory. Not only scrub jays but also rats were used for experiments for testing the â€Å"WWW†-theory. This was done by Babb and Crystal (2005), using the circadian rhythm. Critics stated however, that this could not be seen as a proof for â€Å"when† since the rats’ biological rhythm is responsible for the â€Å"when†. As a consequence Babb and Crystal (2006) modified the experiment, controlling for the time of day. The rats however could still accomplish the trials. It is therefore called episodic-like memory. In an experiment by Roberts et al. (2008), rats were tested if their memory is based on when or how long ago a specific event occurred. The results clearly displayed that rats use elapsed time as a cue for when an event happened. In terms of the definition of episodic-like memory the conditions for â€Å"what-where-when† were fulfilled in these types of experiments. However in terms of the definition of episodic memory the evidence of autonoetic con sciousness is missing. Subsequently one can argue that those experiments had long training phases and the animals learned therefore rules on how to behave in certain situations. This could be declared as semantic memory. A different approach to test episodic-like memory in animals was done by Zentall et al. (2001). In this study, the aim was to avoid the possibility for the tested animals to solve the task because of a lot of experiences with the â€Å"rules† of the task and thus form semantic memory. This was done by asking them nonverbally unexpected questions. Therefore the eight tested pigeons were forced to travel back in their minds. To test the pigeons, Zentall et al. used a study design with multiple phases. At first, the pigeons had a language training where they learned to respond to the question â€Å"did you just peck?† They were shown one of two different symbols. At the symbol with vertical lines they would peck and at the one with horizontal lines they would refrain from pecking. The demonstrated symbol was followed by a red and a green light. After pecking the choice of the red light was reinforced. After refraining from pecking the choice of the green light was reinforc ed. Now the red light can be seen as the answer â€Å"yes† and the green light as the answer â€Å"no† to the question â€Å"Did you just peck?† In the next phase they learned to peck at one of a new pair of symbols without being asked about what they had just done. However in the test phase they were confronted for the first time with the red and green comparisons after the interaction with a new symbol. They were also tested with a symbol where they would spontaneously peck at and the absence of a symbol, so that they would not peck. And again they were asked whether they had just pecked. In both cases they chose the right answer in about seventy percent of the first four test trials, which is above chance. This study outcome speaks in favor of episodic-like memory in pigeons. Zentall et al. (2001) could demonstrate, that the pigeons were able to retrieve knowledge of recent experiences on unexpected request. Additionally, further research displayed, that the pigeons did not solve the task through proprioceptive cues (Singer and Zentall 2007, as cited in Crystal). However the pigeons had to remember only their actions for a few seconds, while humans are able to remember episodes for a long time or even a lifetime. So studies on what-where-when memory with integration of unexpected questions could lead to stronger evidence (Crystal 2010). Experiments testing for episodic-like memory in animals were moreover done with Dolphins. Mercado et al. (1998, as cited by Zentall et al.) demonstrated that these animals were capable to remember their actions by asking them to perform a certain behavior they had done most recently or a performance they had not recently done. Studies with pigeons as well as with dolphins indicate therefore that processes similar to episodic memory occur in animals. Since the tests were done with diverse species, it might be that this form of memory represents a general capacity in animals. All the experimental approaches discussed in our presentation involve testing for the what where and when of some unique recent event. As discussed, these experiments provide convergent evidence that processes similar to episodic memory occur in animals. This kind of memory is now known as â€Å"episodic like† memory rather than episodic memory because it satisfies the original definition of episodic memory defined by Tulving as a memory for what where and when of a unique experience but without any evidence of autonoetic consciousness. Additionally, the series of studies raised doubt about the claim, mental time travel being unique to humans. Therefore the variety of approaches that have developed might be taken as a welcome evidence of a search for convergent data but they also reflect the fact that no one approach to date has captured all aspects of human episodic memory in another species. Knowing now all the definitions and experimental approaches one could come up with t he question â€Å"why is it important to have the ability of episodic memory?† The answer is that there is no selective advantage to reconstruct the past per se, unless it matters for the present or future. It is proposed that episodic reconstruction is just an adaptive design feature of the future planning system such as building a nest. References Babb, S. J., and J. D. Crystal. 2005. Discrimination of what, when and where: Implications for episodic-like memory in rats. Learning Motivation 36: 177-189. Babb, S. J., and J. D. Crystal. 2006. Discrimination of what, when, and where is not based on time of day. Learning Behaviour 34(2): 124-130. Clayton, N. S., and A. Dickinson. 1998. Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature 395: 272-274. Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (pp. 249-256) Crystal, J.D. (2010). Episodic-like memory in animals. Behavioural Brain Research, 215 (2), 235–243. Mercado E. et al. (1998). Memory for recent actions in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Repetition of arbitrary behaviors using an abstract rule. Animal Learning Behavior, 26, 210-218. (cited in Zentall, T.R. et al. (2001). Roberts, W. A., M. C. Feeney, K. MacPherson, M. Petter, N. McMillan, and E. Musolino. 2008. Episodic-like memory in rats: Is it based on when or how long ago?. Science 320: 113-115 Suddendorf T. and Busby J. Mental time travel in animals? Early Cognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane Singer, R.A. and Zentall, T.R. (2007). Pigeons learn to answer the question ‘where did you just peck?’ and can report peck location when unexpectedly asked. Learning Behavior, 35, 184–189. (cited in Crystal, J.D. (2010) Tulving, E. 1972. Episodic and semantic memory. In Organization of memory, ed. Tulving, E., and W. Donaldson. New York: Academic Press. Zentall, T.R. et al. (2001). Episodic-like memory in pigeons. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 8 (4), 685-690.

Sectors Of The Hospitality Industry

Sectors Of The Hospitality Industry The hospitality industry consists of broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation, a restaurant, hotel, or even an amusement park. Hospitality industry covers a wide range of organizations offering food service and accommodation. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations, servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, bartenders, management and marketing. The hospitality industry is divided into sectors according to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include accommodation, food and beverage, meeting and events, gaming, entertainment and recreation, tourism services, and visitor information. Premier Inn is the UKs largest hotel brand, with over 40,000 rooms and more than 590 hotels. It is one of the biggest brand in hospitality industry. Premier Inns headquarter located at Luton, England, U.K. Originally opened by Travel Inn brand name in 1987. During the hard competition with other hotels, it has been owned by Whitbread. Premier Inn business spread in United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Republic of Ireland and India. Company office website is http://www.premierinn.com Hotels are found either in city centers or on the outskirts on major A-roads. Unlike its competitor Travelodge, they are rarely found in motorway service areas, concentrating on locations where they are allowed to serve alcohol. Ownership by Whitbread, historically a brewery, but now a pub and hotel chain, ensures that all Premier Inns, with the exception of motor side locations, have a pub/restaurant on-site serving alcohol Structure of Organization As per below is an organization structure A commercial enterprise would have Line, Staff or Matrix organisations, split into departments and specialists. Departments could include Buying, Marketing, Manufacture, Quality, Accountancy, Payroll, Design, Administration, Security, Maintenance, Distribution, Computing, Call centers, Retailing, Customer Care. History The company founded in 1987 by Travel Inn, in 2004 Whitbread acquired Premier Lodge for  £505 million, and merge an additional 141 hotels to the existing Whitbread hotels, re-branded all hotels as Premier Travel Inn, which was soon shortened to Premier Inn. March 2006 Premier Inn, the UKs largest and fastest growing hotel chain announced today that their Guest Recommend customer satisfaction survey has received its one- millionth-guest response since it was launched in March 2006. Location Premier Inn started in U.K., but its expansion in U.A.E., Ireland and India. Premier Inn is the UKs largest and fastest-growing hotel brand with 578 budget hotels and more than 40,000 rooms across the UK and Ireland. Competition The branded budget hotel market in the UK continues to be dominated by just two large players, according to new research by TRI Hospitality Consulting. Figures from Budget Hotels 2010 UK show that the biggest brand, Premier Inn, had 41,511 rooms at the end of 2009 which gave it a market share of almost 38%. The nearest rival to Premier Inn is Travelodge with 27,010 at the year end, giving it a market share of just under 25%. The top two budget hotel brands in the UK thus have more than two thirds of the market. The branded budget market in the UK is concentrated in just a few companies. But competition continues to flourish in the overall hotel sector as the branded budget hotels take on mid market hotels and guesthouses, said Jonathan Langston, managing director of TRI Hospitality Consulting. Since 1993, the number of branded budget hotel rooms in the UK has grown more than tenfold, increasing from 10,555 rooms to 109,528 rooms at the end of 2009. And while Premier Inn and Travelodge dominate, there have been many new brands entering the growing market. As above table showing us Premier Inn is on number 1 Position in the market. Behind this reason is hotel chain Premier Inn is using a revenue management system to improve visibility of occupancy levels throughout the year, and steer sales and marketing activities accordingly. As per above information premier Inn take over 35% of hotel industry in U.K. Under the new system, Premier Inn expects to improve occupancy, book more guests over less popular nights and reduce marginal costs. We wanted a revenue management system that could cope with the unique requirements of our business, said Warren Mandelbaum, head of revenue management at Premier Inn parent company Whitbread Hotels Restaurants. Contemporary issue In any business, biggest and important person is customer, if customer is satisfied then business make profit. Premier Inn fully focuses to satisfy the customer, Premier Inn bedrooms feature en-suite bathroom, TV with Free view, and Wi-Fi internet access. Premier Inn offers customers a money-back Good Night Guarantee of a good quality room, comfortable surroundings and friendly service, which is unique amongst Britains leading hotel chains. Recession impact As a report of produced by HotStats and published by industry newsletter Hotel Analyst, also makes clear that while resilient, the sector has not remained unscathed by the recession. During 2009, revenue per available room fell by 9.1%, with occupancy dropping by 5.9 percentage points to 67.8% and rate holding up better with a fall of 1.1% to  £50.97. The budget hotel market has truly been the hotel industrys success story of the last decade. While trading has suffered in the recession, new hotels are continuing to open, reflecting the long term viability of the segment, said Langston. The hospitality industry is a measure of the wealth in peoples pockets then the news is very bad indeed. The industry is facing one of its worst times in memory as pubs, clubs and restaurants close at an unprecedented rate. Insolvencies in the sector have risen by 95% in 2 years as people opt to stay at home and preserve their cash rather than splurging on luxuries like nights out, meals and other entertainment. A report by consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) showed that there were 281 business failures in the third quarter of this year, up from 175 last year and well ahead of the 220 insolvencies reported in the first quarter and the 212 recorded in the second. It was almost double the number reported 144 in the final quarter of 2006. As the downturn tightens its grip, it is easy to believe what we have seen so far is just the tip of the iceberg for hotels, Stephen Broom said. The report shows the historical development of branded budget hotels in the UK, also the report so gives demand figures by geographical region, by city and by market sector Hospitality industry is closely related to tourism. By the advent of global crisis, its easy to figure out that tourism industry is down. So, relating to that, one can say hospitality industry also suffers. Moreover, those who can still afford to consider the hospitality of the industry are busy with their works too as the crisis has put extra burden in their work life. Performance report -Year 2009/2010 As per above source UK chain Hotel, Higher staff costs hit profits at provincial hotels in the UK during August, according to the latest HotStats survey from TRI Hospitality Consulting. Revenue per available room rose year-on-year for the month by 1.5% but payroll costs as a percentage of revenue crept up by 0.5 percentage points and this helped cause Gross Operating Profit Per Available Room (GOPPAR) to drop by 1.2%. As a result, UK Provincial hotel performance was left languishing some way behind 2008 levels, following the 13.4% profitability decline during the same period in 2009. Development Strategy and progress Premier Inn clear strategy underpins our aim of building the best large-scale hospitality brands in the world by becoming the most customer-focused organization there is. 2009/10 strategic priorities Action Result Outperform market Developing detailed action plans to focus on our customers needs, and particularly on establishing our value for money credentials. All our businesses have outperformed in their markets. Reduce operating costs Streamlining management, improving the efficiency of back office processes and delivering a series of procurement initiatives. On track to achieve  £25 million of annual savings, with  £20 million realised to date. Achieve cash flow neutrality Prioritising cash management and working capital together with the sale and leaseback of five properties. Positive cash flow for the year of  £109.7 million, with net debt reducing to  £513.4 million. They growth is also increases, In year 2003/04 they have 18,173 rooms comper to this in year 2009/10 they have 42,799 rooms. So growth is 136% Predictions Premier Inn increase there budget for more development. In year 2009/10 15.0% budget sector value and in year 2018/19 budget sector value increase 22.0%. so as above figures we can get example of premier inn future plan. (Annual Report 2009/10, Whitbread PLC) Operational Management factors Operational In the hotel industry where excellent, consistent service is a key factor in success, standard operating procedures, or SOPs, play an important role. Identification A hotels standard operating procedure sets out the policies and protocols of a hotel in a written format thats easily accessible to hotel employees. A typical standard operating procedure has three parts: a purpose, or the clearly stated task the SOP details and what its expected results should be; a procedure, or step-by-step guide to tackling the task; and resources, including hotel staff, other employees or management and databases or other references. Function A hotel standard operating procedures purpose is to improve guest experience. Standard operating procedures do this by educating hotel staff on the best way to deal with a given situation, from fielding guest complaints to handling fire drills. By creating a guest service structure thats consistent and clearly thought out by top management, hotels can ensure a positive guest experience. Types Hotels might use several different types of standard operating procedures. Tool procedures focus on specific tasks that hotel staffers might have to deal with. Tool procedures may cover tasks that hotel staff is likely to run into every day, such as late check-out or temperature concerns, as well as rare circumstances, such as fire alarms sounding or elevator malfunctions. Rule procedures help hotel staffers deal with potentially tricky situations. Rule procedures may cover acceptable employee conduct, such as whether an employee can accept a cash tip from a hotel guest. Rule procedures also may cover guests in sensitive areas such as signs of smoking in a non-smoking room or a declined credit card. Job procedures clearly outline an employees role and responsibilities within the hotel so that expectations are clear. Benefits Management Financial Savvy The number one success factor for anyone in the hospitality industry knows how to manage company funds. Maintaining the proper ratios of labour, food costs, beverage costs and expenses is vital in todays economy. A successful manager will be expected to maintain and keep a strict monetary budget, be computer literate, be knowledgeable of profit and loss statements and labour to sales ratios and be able to keep food and beverage costs in line. Creativity Hospitality managers must be able to be creative, to think outside the box and come up with new, trendsetting ideas. They must also have the knowledge to get those ideas out there through word of mouth and advertising. Food specials, room rate reductions, family packages and other details need to be presented to the general public in a new, fresh manner through email, web sites, regular mail, radio or television. Multi-tasking skills A manager must know the basics of accounting, the fundamentals of food and service, current market trends, what the competition is doing, licensing procedures and fees, general human resource rules and regulations and much more. Teamwork A good manager will understand that he cannot do the work single-handed and will hire the right people to carry out the vision of the company. A strong accounting office, an excellent chef, reliable restaurant managers and supervisors, a loyal core staff with low turnover and trustworthy assistants are all essential in creating a profitable business. Vision The ability to foresee trends and capitalize on them is a true gift, as is the foresight to prepare for a slow economy. These abilities come from years of experience and exposure to different hospitality environments. A truly proactive manager will choose the most promising employees of the company and train them properly to keep the vision alive and strong. Impact on Staff Hospitality industry is developed largest number of jobs in UK, lots of opportunity comes for people to get jobs. As per below table show us hows the different hospitality businesses give jobs to people Hospitality businesses The industry continues to be dominated by small establishments. The hotel sector has the highest proportion of large establishment while the restaurant sector has most very small establishments. Between 1991 and 1998 the percentage of businesses with over twenty-five employees increased from 3 per cent to 4per cent of all establishments. There is now more employment in larger workplaces with 41 per cent of employment in establishments employing twenty-five or more employees, while 59 per cent of employees. Over the decade all sectors in the hospitality industry continued to grow, with the exception of hotels. Premier inn has 34,000 people serve over 9 million customers every month. And as the frontline of our business, premier inn are 100% dependent on our people to deliver our brand promises, day in and day out. Thats why premier inn only employs the very best people in the hospitality industry. Time to time staff responsibility change and more focus on customer satisfaction. Stakeholders The stakeholders in the hospitality industry include owners, creditors, guests, employees, suppliers, vendors, industry associations, government agencies, and community members. In starting of business stakeholders view point is Maximizing Shareholder Wealth, after time to time stakeholders view point is change and its A Wider Range of Objectives. In recent years, a wider variety of goals have been suggested for a business. These include the traditional objective of profit maximization. However, they also include goals relating to earnings per share, total sales, numbers employed, measures of employee welfare, manager satisfaction, environmental protection and many others. As per above effect on staff and stakeholders role and view point Premier inn get lots of benefits. Thats the reason Premier inn best brand in hospitality industry in U.K. and one of the best brand in the world. They also try to make same value in abroad like Dubai and India. Positive implications on Premier inn hospitality. The conclusion Premier Inn has best customer/key relationship, business continuity, funding, and strategy. So thats why they are top of the table in whole hotel industry in the U.K. In 2008 Premier Inn launched in Dubai and will be opening in India later this year. On a domestic front, Premier Inn is set to be the largest provide of budget hotels in London by the 2012 Olympics.

Essays --

Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman shows us how one man's blind faith in a misconception of the American Dream becomes an obsession of accomplishment that destroys his life and nearly that of his family. Miller's main character Willy Loman somehow comes to believe that success always comes to those who are well liked and good looking. His downfall is that he does not equate success with hard work and perseverance. This faulty thinking keeps him from achieving his goals of wealth and status. His boys Biff and Happy are taught the same faulty values and are destined to fail as well. The devastating effects of Willy's obsession are seen throughout the family starting with Willy who begins to lose his mind and his confidence that he will someday prevail. He is torn between denial that he is ultimately a failure and desperation to succeed at any cost. In Willy's opinion a man without success is nothing. Linda, Willy's adoring wife weather's Willy's ups and downs with patience and hope that someday he will realize that he is successful. She believes that a home, a loving family, and food on the table are all anyone needs. Linda says to him "why must everybody conquer the world? You're well like and everyone loves you" (p292). She is often trying to point out his accomplishments, but, he turns a blind eye. Happy, Willy's youngest son is truly a mess. He follows in his father's footsteps into the business world, where he is admittedly unhappy, yet continues because it is what is expected of him. He, like Willy believes that success is the measure of a man. He says "I gotta show some of those pompous, self important executives over there that Hap Loman can make the grade" (p 250). We see his blind desire to succeed and know he's headin... ...g Charley, there's more of him in that front stoop than in all the sales he ever made" (p328). The final requiem of this play includes some brilliant lines. Most importantly, Linda's final words at her husband's grave; "Willy, dear I can't cry, why did you do it, I search and search and I search, and I can't understand it, Willy. I made the last payment on the house today. Today, dear, and there'll be nobody home. We're free and clear. We're free...We're free..." (p329). Linda knew all along what was important, and now Willy has died before ever realizing how much success he really had; a true friend in Charley, and the love of his wife and sons. His home, paid for and fixed up with his own two hands. If anything can be learned from the life of Willy Loman, it is that sometimes what we wish for is not what we need, and by striving blindly we might miss what we have.

Merchant Of Venice Character Diary - Shylock :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

Today Bassanio came up to me asking for my moneys. Later on I told him that I would lend him the moneys without any interest. I was very cautious in the repeating of his demands. Antonio is naive risking his life hoping the ships will return. I am clever because I am using this opportunity to get revenge. I made Bassanio nervous when I called Antonio a good man and they both probably knew the meaning. I'll show Antonio when his ships fail to return. Lancelot is getting on my nerves again. He is snail-slow in profit and he sleeps by day. My daughter seems to want to get out of the house and might be getting annoyed with me. I am sure that it is just a phase. Because it meant that Bassanio would lose even more of the money he borrowed I decided to attend the feast with all those creepy masks. I took no pleasure in it but I intend to ruin Bassanio. Bassanio will have all the ducats spent in no time. I forgot about my anger over my daughter's flight when I heard about Bassanio's ship wrecked in the English Channel. I then quickly remembered my daughters leaving when Tubal came to me with information on Jessica's reckless spending of my moneys. My heart was broken when I heard about I exchange for a monkey, she traded the ring that was a gift from my wife to me. I should have seen this coming. My hate turned into a disaster in only a short time today. First, Bassanio offered me double the money that was borrowed, but I was too stubborn to accept and reminded the court that the flesh was mine by law. I looked into Antonio's eyes and he seemed to have felt that he deserved what should have come. As I was sharpening my knife, Gratiano started abusing me. I guess I deserved what was happening but what happened next I'm not sure of. A lawyer came in and seemed to be on my side until she mentioned that I could only take Antonio's flesh, no blood. I was shocked to hear this but I then tried to accept the double amount but knew it was too late because that wasn't written on the bond. If that was not enough I could not just go home. The lawyer bent the law and would have taken away my life if it weren’t up to the Duke. Merchant Of Venice Character Diary - Shylock :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays Today Bassanio came up to me asking for my moneys. Later on I told him that I would lend him the moneys without any interest. I was very cautious in the repeating of his demands. Antonio is naive risking his life hoping the ships will return. I am clever because I am using this opportunity to get revenge. I made Bassanio nervous when I called Antonio a good man and they both probably knew the meaning. I'll show Antonio when his ships fail to return. Lancelot is getting on my nerves again. He is snail-slow in profit and he sleeps by day. My daughter seems to want to get out of the house and might be getting annoyed with me. I am sure that it is just a phase. Because it meant that Bassanio would lose even more of the money he borrowed I decided to attend the feast with all those creepy masks. I took no pleasure in it but I intend to ruin Bassanio. Bassanio will have all the ducats spent in no time. I forgot about my anger over my daughter's flight when I heard about Bassanio's ship wrecked in the English Channel. I then quickly remembered my daughters leaving when Tubal came to me with information on Jessica's reckless spending of my moneys. My heart was broken when I heard about I exchange for a monkey, she traded the ring that was a gift from my wife to me. I should have seen this coming. My hate turned into a disaster in only a short time today. First, Bassanio offered me double the money that was borrowed, but I was too stubborn to accept and reminded the court that the flesh was mine by law. I looked into Antonio's eyes and he seemed to have felt that he deserved what should have come. As I was sharpening my knife, Gratiano started abusing me. I guess I deserved what was happening but what happened next I'm not sure of. A lawyer came in and seemed to be on my side until she mentioned that I could only take Antonio's flesh, no blood. I was shocked to hear this but I then tried to accept the double amount but knew it was too late because that wasn't written on the bond. If that was not enough I could not just go home. The lawyer bent the law and would have taken away my life if it weren’t up to the Duke.

Filipino Philosophy Essay

Filipino Philosophy is the attitude, worldview, and notion of the natural citizens of the Philippines towards the day-to-day experiences in life, religion, communication, survival, interrelationship with people and intra-relationship with his sakop or to oneself – the â€Å"I,† and the uplifting of one’s soul – the Filipino being. Filipinos are used to be stereotyped as the bamboo grass for it always sway with the wind. The Filipino people has gone through tough and rough times, good and bounty years, and yet they always stand as firm as it was on the day our ancestors fought Magellan. Our own worldview explains why we stand all erect despite economic downfall, political crisis, natural calamities. One thing that is to be observed, everything revolves in relationships, in the sakop, in the upliftment of one’s soul. Justice for the Filipino people is the satisfaction of the needs of the self and his relations. These and more is the pattern of Filipinos which leads to the general behavior of the nation – the philosophy of the Filipinos. It is the critical examination of the grounds for the fundamental beliefs of Filipino being as an individual and as a universal; likewise it is an analysis of the basic concepts employed in the expression of their worldview. Included in this study is the study of Filipino worldview from different tribal groups to mainland people and to the new generation of the modern times. Since it is a study and the Filipinos have a diversity of life as it has a seven thousand one hundred islands, there should also be different branches of Filipino Philosophy of which I categorize as: (1) Ethnolinguistic-Tribal Philosophy where Bicolano, Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano Philosphies would fall under; (2) Filipino Philosophy of Religion; (4) Animism and Practices of Filipinos; and (5) other Filipino Phylosophies that Filipino scholars may add and institutionalize that is not or only partially influenced by the Western Philosophy and purely in the Filipino context. Ethnolinguistic-Tribal Philosophy will further explain and discuss the main ideas and the worldviews of the linguistic groups in the country. Particulars bring about the general. Each particular small group philosophies combines into one distinct philosophy which is the Filipino Philosophy. What unites it or what is common among the philosophies? The self or the â€Å"I,† or that individual characteristic – sakop orientedness. The Filipino is more others-centered than self-centered. Filipino basic personality is made up of Filipino beliefs and knowledge that are equated and related to various rituals and formal and informal education passed from generation to generation. The family contributes to and maintains the Filipino values and to the individual self most specially that the Family is part of the â€Å"self† being the â€Å"sakop.† Filipinos value family highly and rely on family relations in defining and seeking help for problems or disorders. The family name is valued more highly than that of the individual. These values bind the individual to the family, making him/her to consider how a decision will impact the family. The Filipino cannot be discussed on a person by person basis. Unlike western practices, a Filipino is not complete without his relationships A Filipino cannot be defined sans family †¦ these are his essential relationships — with one another, with family — and no Pinoy is truly Pinoy without them. This relationship-seeking attitude is most evident when introducing Filipinos in every corner of the country. The basic unit of the Philippine social organization is the family that includes the mother, father and children, and the bilateral extended family that embraces all relatives of the father and the mother. Of special importance is the sibling group, the unit formed by brothers and sisters. There are no clans or similar unilateral kinship groups in the Philippines. The elementary family and the sibling group form the primary bases of corporate action. The Philippine society is characterized as familial. This means that the influence of kinship, which centers on the family, is far-reaching. The Filipino family is the nuclear unit around which social activities are organized – it is the basic unit of corporate action. The interests of the individual in Philippine society are secondary to those of the family. Filipinos have a unique way of establishing kinship without actual blood relations. â€Å"Pakikiramdam† or known as Smooth Interpersonal Relationships is the core identity of the Filipino. It is a natural skill for all Filipinos to read between the lines. He has this internal language to sense the surrounding. Filipinos rarely get involved if they have no personal concern regarding the activity or the project. A Filipino will exert more effort when he/she is related to that specific given task or his name and the name of the â€Å"sakop† is involved. Along with this also arises the need for a personal touch. A simple personal invitation is a hundred times more regarded than any formal written invitation. Filipinos likes to be invited even if it is only a joke and even if it is an occasion within the clan or nearby neighborhood. A neglect of this personality leads to misunderstanding or â€Å"pagdaramdam.† Filipinos usually like to associate themselves with a higher power and, in return, submit to this higher person if the need arises. This is most likely true to the â€Å"Masa† and even to elite people of the Philippines. It becomes the source of their strength and the source of a wall to lean on in times of crisis and in job seeking opportunities. Filipinos value small-group centeredness which can be seen from the word ofkami. A Filipino has a â€Å"barkada† aside from his immediate family where he/she can pour out his/her angst and happy moments with. It is the ultimate manifestation of small-group centeredness because it is a tight bond among friends which dictate what the group would think, do or say. Amor propio, the stubborn pride that Filipinos possess and hold on to despite the situation is another distinct element of being a Filipino. The expression wala ka namang pakikisama easily coerces Filipinos to act in peculiar manners especially if the pakikisama is determined by the barkada. Pakikisama is very important in a group, in a workplace, and in areas where there is a social group. Another characteristic is that Filipinos seek to succeed and make himself a person in his own right. It may be a show of being bida and sikat all the time that is a manifestation of pasiklaban, the Filipino does this only to share his glory with his family. Therefore, the Filipino is not inconsistent with the established fact that Filipinos are others-centered because his pagsasarili is a result of his desire to uplift his family or his loved ones – others-centeredness-responsibility. Hiya is a Filipino social behavior regulator that prevents a Filipino from violating a norm, a family value, and a group goal. This is also the root of the Smooth Interpersonal Relationships that Filipinos highly prize. This is the golden rule among Filipinos in the sense that a Filipino makes it a point not to intentionally embarass a person just as he wouldn’t want to be embarassed by another. Euphemism is an important Filipino procedure for all relationships. This tactfulness mirrors the Smooth Interpersonal Relationship that Filipinos highly regard. In the interdependent Philippine society, reciprocity is an essential to all relationships. Utang-na-loob, a Filipino is indebted to another until such a favor is returned in kind. This utang na loob is very much rampant in 95 % of Filipinos specially those who are native of the Philippines and among Filipinos in other countries. Utang na loob may stem from Hiya or mainly from the uniqueness of the Filipino â€Å"self.† Many of the provinces of the Philippines are separated from each other by water because the Philippines is an archipelago. Large islands, Luzon and Mindanao have mountain ranges also separate different land areas. As a result of the physical isolation from each other, Filipinos have a rich, multi-cultural heritage and speak 150 different languages and dialects. It must be noted that even though Filipinos speak many languages, there are only eight major languages based on the number of speakers: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilokano, Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, Waray, Bikolano, Pangasinense, and Kapampangan. Of these, Filipino, which is based onTagalog and was formerly spelled as ‘Pilipino,’ is the official language along with English. Most textbooks, laws, signboards and mass media are either in English or Filipino. From this language barrier and indifferences come out regionalism which dates back from the the colonial past of the Philippines under Spain and the United States. Spaniards encouraged regionalism to dissipate any nationalist revolt against them. They practiced a â€Å"divide and rule† policy wherein they employed Filipino soldiers from one region to put down an uprising in another region. In addition, Spanish friars, in their desire to evangelize, studied the native tongues and incorporated Catholicism into Filipino social customs and religious observances. In doing so, the Spaniards preserved the native languages and dialects of the Filipinos. They also implanted Roman Catholicism in the Philippines, and influenced the Philippine legal system, social institutions, literature and arts. Meanwhile, the American colonial rule also unwittingly encouraged regionalism.[11]. Language differences and regionalism are just a few factors of the rich cultural herritage and behaviors of individual – tribes in context – that give color and blend of Filipino Philosophy. major factors influencing Filipino Philosophy are its Education, Language and Geography, Western and Eastern Philosophies, and most especially Religion. Education shapes the mind of individuals. It is the way of acquiring and disseminating knowledge. Through education, cultures, thoughts and ideas, concepts and theories are handed down from one generation to another. It is by education that we learn the Western thoughts and their civilization which we try to imitate and to live-out. It is by education that we inculcate to the next generation, the ideal self and the justified and unjustified, true and false beliefs. Language and Geography determine the type of the desires, the taste and the perceptions of the people. It is one of the major factors contributing to the indifferences of major cultures in the Philippines most especially that the country is separated by water. Culture takes part in the molding of history and of man. And the rest, together with culture and history runs in circle around the development and of the nature of Filipino Philosophy. Culture, like history, modifies the worldview of the Filipinos. For every ethno-linguistic community, society, province or region whatever you want to call it, every individual or the whole group has its own worldview on how to enrich, practice, and show his or her own culture. Despite the indifferences of cultural background and ancestral indifferences, the Filipino worldview in the context of the self has never changed. Culture is passed from generation to generation through time (history), through psychological time, but the self being that self, which is others-oriented-kin-related-self, remains the same as it is. In this regard, the Filipino self is unique and his worldview, which is to be in harmony with all that is around him or her, is true to every Filipino from age to age and from culture to culture. Filipino Philosophy is unique in itself and is a pride of the Filipino people. It doesn’t matter which general worldview it belongs. What matters is that the country that belongs to the eastern coast has a philosophy that is distinct and rich in itself. The choice is left to the people whether to take it as a material for its national pride and left to the critics, the Filipino philosophers and scholars if they push our philosophy to the limits and to the level of other philosophies or to drag it down. For it shapes the Philippine politics, economics, justice system, and the rest of that which revolves in the society of the country. A Filipino has two major ways of dealing with his society depending upon the basis of relatedness to the self. Individuals always value pakikitungo, pakikisalamuha, pakikisama to people whom he does not know; and likewise, he/she deals on how to be in harmony with the related individuals to his life – involvement and â€Å"pakikiisa† are two very important values to consider.

History of Sunnah

Deutsch Francais Espanol About Us Contact Us islamweb english Thursday, November 29, 2012 Muharram 15, 1434 incur to Islam Fatwa Articles Fiqh Boys & Girls E- curbs Women Mul clippingdia Quran Recitations Lectures Athan Duaa Islamic Songs Movies function Prayer Times Weather cipher Calendar Converter Special Folders paradise Ramadhaan Oasis Hajj & Umrah Xmas & New Years consecrated Months Valentines Day newssheet Email Newsletter icon, E-mail Newsletter icon, Email controversy icon, E-mail List icon residence up for our Email Newsletter voteCan Morsi be restored Egypts leadership? Yes No Vote Results History of the hadith -I At the time of the prophet calculate The article has non to date been rated Rating 0 Vote gull Send this Article to friend instruct 11234 Print 429 Sent 0 Rate 0 22/09/2010 Muslims were, early on, informed of the significance of the hadith and its role. They, one multiplication after the other, were keen to preserve the hadith because they saw that as a let on of the preserving of the last revelations man is ever to receive.Their efforts were unabated, and the singular job they did is unparalleled in the follow out of any other religion or civilization. At the time of the visionary sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( whitethorn totallyaah vibrate his allude ) genius of the main reasons behind this is the fact that the oracle sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( whitethorn Allaah push his recognition ) distinctly taught the young mans whitethorn Allaah be happy with them the importance of his Sunnah, its place in Islam and their persona in saving it, program line and transport it to others around them and to those who would come after them.In so doing, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( whitethorn Allaah soak his credit rating ) followed an effective methodology, which ordain be briefly outlined below 1. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( whitethorn Allaah invigorate his stir ) emphasized the importan ce of seeking fellowship and teaching it to others. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah revolutionise his consultation ) said pursuit knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male and female). Ibn Maajah Also, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his remark ) said Whosoever pursues a means to seek knowledge therein, Allaah will thereby make easy for him a rails to Paradise.No pot gather together in one of the houses of Allaah (mosques), reciting the Book of Allaah and studying it among themselves, without ataraxis descending upon them, mercy enveloping them and angles ring them, and Allaah making appoint of them to those (angels) who atomic do 18 with Him. Muslim 2. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his keep ) always had a center for teaching. near of the time, it was the mosque. 3. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his think of ) was soft in his traffic and always facilitated things and made them easy for others.He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his summon ) was tender and humble and made himself readily available. 4. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his deferred payment ) never pushed people into anything. Instead, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) step by step taught them and led them to change. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) always motivated them to follow his congressman and be their exceed. 5.He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) would not continuously teach or head for the hills with them, exclusively he would convey them bountiful breaks to avoid overstressing or boring them. 6. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) spoke plainly and clearly and he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) talked to people at their level of agreement and intellectual ability. Whenever appropriate, he sallallaah u alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) spoke to people in their own dialect for the Arabs had different dialects. . He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) used the method of repetition. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) would repeat any(prenominal) he cherished to stress for three multiplication to hear that all heard him properly and clearly understood what he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) was saying. 8. When questioned, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) would give more than what is expected as an serve up and use the occasion to further polish off things for all, and teach about other things. . Whenever the Prophet sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) had to choose between two ways, he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) chose the easier way, which had facility and mercy if there was nothing fo rbidden in that, and he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) unploughed away from the difficult and harsh ways. 10. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) attached special attention to teaching the women and provided them special times for questions.He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) encouraged them to film and learn. 11. He sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) used to do his outdo in everything, and he sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) perfected whatever he did, thus setting an example for others. The era of the Companions and their Followers The Companions may Allaah be rejoiced with them did their utmost to convey Islam to the generations bring home the bacon them in the lift out and most stainless way possible.They sincerely love it, candidly lived according to it and faithfully preserved it and kept any impurity or unregularity out of i t. Their role in the conservation of Islam was one of utmost importance to its continuation, but they were highly prepared for it by the best teacher and trainer, the Prophet sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ). Thus the studying of this era, especially with respect to the history and authority of the Sunnah, is necessary to all Students of Knowledge.And since this article will not provide enough expound to properly cover the subject, it is recommended that the readers consult the pursual list of books on the subject Studies of primordial Hadeeth Literature by M. M. Azami, Sunnah Qabla at-Tadween (the Sunnah before Writing) by Ajaj Al-Khateeb, The Sunnah and its send in Islam by Mustafa As-Sibaee, Manhajj an-Naqd fi Uloom Al-Hadeeth (The Methodology of reappraisal in the Sciences of Hadeeth) by Noor-ud-deen Etr, Al-Hadeeth wal Muhaddithoon (Hadeeth and Hadeeth Narrators) by Muhammad M.Abu Zahou, and Hujjiatus Sunnah (The Authority of the Sunnah) by Ho ucine Chouat. Methodology of the Companions in Preserving the Sunnah Before discussing the Companions ways of learning, practicing, preserving and transferral of the Sunnah, it is worthwhile to shed some crystalize on the main points one inevitably to understand about the Companions may Allaah be pleased with them and their methodology 1. The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them were fully cognisant of the obligation they shoulder after the death of the Prophet sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ). . The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them are all trustworthy. They may Allaah be pleased with them never doubted one another in the matters of this religion and the narration of Hadeeth. 3. The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them have developed a methodology for scrutinizing Hadeeths and narrators, and by doing that have effected the rules of ascertaining narrations for those who came after them. 4. The ability of different Companions ma y Allaah be pleased with them to understand the Sunnah, memorize it and convey it varied from one Companion to another. . The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them remaining Makkah and Madeenah to many places around the Muslim world, at the time, for the purpose of delivering the message and teaching Islam to those who accepted it thus spreading the Sunnah passim the land. It is interesting to note that about 750 Companions may Allaah be pleased with them narrated Hadeeths, seven of whom narrated a high number of Hadeeths, and about 20 narrated an average number, the rest narrated a slender number.The seven who narrated a large number of Hadeeths are Abu Hurayrah who narrated 5374 Hadeeths, Abdullaah Ibn Umar narrated 2630, Anas Ibn Maalik narrated 2286, Aaishah narrated 2210 Hadeeths, Abdullaah Ibn Abbaas narrated 1660, Jaabir Ibn Abdullaah narrated 1540, and Abu Saeed AI-Khudri narrated 1100 Hadeeths may Allaah be pleased with them. They understood their role and were aw are of the significance of their ability in narrating the Hadeeths and did their best to deliver them diligently and accurately. Muslims of all times are indebted to them may Allaah be pleased with them.History of the Sunnah -II The era of the Companions and their followers Related Articles The two most trusty books of Hadeeth The Sunnah The second source of command Origination of Sunnah from the Prophet more(prenominal) New Popular Guest Book Articles Fatwa Multimedia Subject Published on 1 Words of divorce 2012/11/29 2 Youth loved by Allaah II 2012/11/29 3 Youth loved by Allaah I 2012/11/29 occasion 1 The unnameable Months 2 The Sacred Month of Muharram 3 The beginning of a New Islamic Year All rights reserved to IslamWeb. 2012