Biological Rhythms essays

Biological Rhythms essays All plants and animals have endogeous cycles that, in response to an outside rhythm (zeitgeber), will cue various actions. For example, bears know they must hibernate, poinsettias know they must flower and humans know they need sleep. In correspondence with a particular season, length of day, and light intensity respectively, these events will occur. In the example with the poinsettia, the vegetative/flower cycle is synchronized with a day length cycle that has longer hours of darkness, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases florigen and signals to the poinsettia to flower. Similarly, a chemical reaction takes place in humans with their sleep/wake cycle. This will be discussed in the essay along with disorders associated with this cycle. Humans possess many biological clocks. Depending on the cycle it could be an infradian (longer than a day), ultradian (shorter than a day), circadian (about a day), or circannual (about a year) rhythm. In the case of the humans internal sleep/wake cycle, its a circadian rhythm. The human sleep/wake cycle is a bit longer than 24 hours (closer to 25 hours), therefore it needs an entraining agent or zeitgeber. This is an external environmental rhythm which will keep it in sync with the 24 hour day. The most dominant cycle is the light/dark cycle. However, its necessary to transmit the external information to the internal cycle so that synchronization is achieved. As infants, our sleep/wake cycle was initially random compared to that of our parents or guardian. Eventually, over the course of 6 weeks, we began to adapt the circadian cycle and after approximately 4 months, we were entrained to the 24-hour cycle. This is due to the external cues of our parents/guardian. The human clock is found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is a group of distinct cells in the hypothalamus, which is located in the brain. Light from the outsid ...

Profile of Serial Killer Robert Berdella

Profile of Serial Killer Robert Berdella Robert Berdella was one of the most brutal serial killers in U.S. history who participated in despicable acts of sexual torture and murder in Kansas City, Missouri, between 1984 and 1987. Berdella was born in 1949 in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. The Berdella family was Catholic, but Robert left the church when he was in his teens. Berdella proved to be a good student, despite suffering from severe nearsightedness. To see, he had to wear thick glasses, which made him vulnerable to being bullied by his peers. His father was 39 years old when died from a heart attack. Berdella was 16 years old. Not long afterward, his mother remarried. Berdella did little to hide his anger and resentment towards his mother and stepfather. When Murderous Fantasies Began to Fester In 1967, Berdella decided to become a professor and enrolled in the Kansas City Art Institute. He quickly decided on a change of careers and studied to be a chef. It was during this time that his fantasies about torture and murder began to fester. He got some relief by torturing animals, but only for a short time. At age 19, he got into selling drugs and drinking a lot of alcohol. He was arrested for possession of LSD and marijuana, but the charges did not stick. He was asked to leave college in his second year after murdering a dog for the sake of art. For a few afterward, he worked as a chef, but quit and opened his store called Bob’s Bazarre Bazaar in Kansas City, Missouri. The store specialized in novelty items that appealed to those with darker and occult-type taste. Around the neighborhood, he was considered odd but was liked and participated in organizing a local community crime watch programs. However, inside his home, it was discovered that Robert ‘Bob’ Berdella lived in a world dominated by  sadomasochistic slavery, murder and barbarous torture. What Went On Behind Closed Doors On April 2, 1988, a neighbor found a young man on his porch clad in only a dog collar fastened around his neck. The man told the neighbor an incredible tale of sexual tortuous abuse that he had endured at the hands of Berdella. The police placed Berdella in custody and searched his home where 357 photographs of victims in various positions of torture were recovered. Also found were torture devices, occult literature, ritual robes, human skills and bones and a human head in Berdella’s yard. The Photographs Disclose Murder By April 4 the authorities had an overwhelming amount of evidence to charge Berdella on seven counts of sodomy, one count of felonious restraint and one account of first-degree assault. After closer scrutiny of the photographs, it was discovered that six of the 23 men identified were homicide victims. The other people in the pictures were there voluntarily and participated in  sadomasochistic activities with the victims. The Torture Diary Berdella established the Rules of the House which were mandatory for his victims or they risked being beaten or receiving bolts of electric shock on sensitive areas of their bodies. In a detailed diary that Berdella kept, he logged details and the effects of the torture he would subject upon his victims. He seemed to have a fascination with injecting drugs, bleach, and other caustics into the eyes and throats of his victims then anally raped or inserted foreign objects inside of them. No Indication of Satanic Rituals On December 19, 1988, Berdella pled guilty to one count of first and to an additional four counts of second-degree murder for the deaths of other victims. There were attempts by various media organizations to try to connect the crimes of Berdella to the idea of a national underground satanic group but the investigators responded that over 550 people were interviewed and at no point was there any indication that the crimes were connected to a satanic ritual or group. Life in Prison Berdella received life in prison where he died of a heart attack in 1992 soon after writing a letter to his minister claiming that the prison officials refused to give him his heart medication. His death was never investigated.

English Composition 1 essayThis paper is to be an argument; it must Essay

English Composition 1 essayThis paper is to be an argument; it must put forth a position about which reasonable, educated people can be expected to disagree. It must not present both sides of the story - Essay Example The use of tobacco casts deep effects on the health of a regular user. There are many diseases associated with the use of tobacco products. The use of tobacco products can cause cancer in many parts of the body. Children and women are more vulnerable to the negative effects of tobacco. This essay aims at identifying the drawbacks of smoking cigarettes and other tobacco products. This essay tries to make all aware of the reasons why all tobacco products should be banned. Smoking tobacco harms our health in many ways. In fact, the use of tobacco is akin to slow poisoning. The most famous and favorite form of tobacco products is ‘Cigarette’. Cigars and chewing tobacco are some important forms of the consumable tobacco products. Federal Drug Agency noted that use of tobacco is injurious to health (Federal Drug Agency). There are many diseases associated with tobacco usage. As per estimates by independent non-governmental organizations, more than 20 million people have been died due to use of cigarettes. There are many diseases associated with the usage of tobacco. In the US alone, smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths per year. The most dangerous diseases associated with the use of tobacco products are Lung Cancer, Oral Cancer, and other Cardiovascular and Respiratory diseases (National Cancer Institute).There are numerous harms of tobacco products. Cigarette, the famous tobacco product is also injurious to health. Smocking can cause cancer in many part of the body including Bladder, Blood (acute myeloid leukemia), Cervix, Colon, Esophagus, Kidney, Larynx, Liver, Oropharynx, Pancreas, Stomach, and Trachea (National Cancer Institute). Tobacco products also badly affect our brain and activities of brain. The effect of a commonly used tobacco product cigarette, as an example would further reflect on the related risks and harms. Generally, a smoker inhales 10 puffs on a cigarette in a 5 minutes time.

Analysis of Organizational Dialogue Research Paper

Analysis of Organizational Dialogue - Research Paper Example Employee engagement and productivity is one of the strategies that have assumed increasing significance in recent years (Rashid, Asad & Ashraf 2011, p. 98). While employee engagement as a strategy has been assuming increasing significance, its implementation has been experiencing challenges and an increasing number of organizations have significant engagement problems. According to the study by the Gallup Institute (2008, 2009), there are significant engagement problems in the Australian workforce and these results appear to reflect a broader global pattern in the developed economies (Gallup 2009). Leadership plays a major role in engaging the employees in the transformation process within the organization. In general terms, employee engagement is defined as the extent to which employees are motivated to participate and contribute to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives (Cook 2008, p. 37). Engaged employees tend to willfully highly recommend their workplace, have hi gher overall job satisfaction, and favorably rate their pride in their workplace. Leadership communication can greatly impact on employee engagement in any particular organization (Wiley 2010, p. 48). In order to have a clear understanding of how leadership communication impacts employee engagement, this paper will critically analyze the impact that leadership communication has on employee engagement based on contemporary research. The latest research indicates that organization’s leadership and leadership communication have a significant impact on the employees’ engagement levels and their overall opinion about the organization (Eisenberg, Goodall & Tretheway 2009, p. 26). The type of leadership adopted by an organization is defined by the style of leadership communication. Hackman and Johnson (2009, p. 11) define leadership as a form of human communication that transitions behaviors and attitudes to focus on collective shared needs and goals. This definition indicate s how fundamental leadership in general and leadership communication, in particular, is in employee engagement (Gerard & Ellinor 2001, p. 59). Leadership communication impacts on how employee commits themselves to their roles and to the vision, mission, goals, and objectives of their organization (Wiley 2010, p. 47). The Kenexa Research Institute (KRI) observes that their latest results on the effectiveness of leadership in an organization are 51% globally. It states that results indicate that employees in India, Brazil, and United States reported the highest ratings of leadership effectiveness, at 69%, 59% and 54% respectively (Rashid, Asad & Ashraf 2011, p. 101). Leadership effectiveness is measured by evaluating how organization leadership gains the confidence of employees through their communications, actions, and decisions, and how leadership keeps employees informed about company direction, as well as how they are seen to having the ability to deal with the organizationâ€℠¢s challenges (Cook 2008, p. 40). The research by KRI is crucial in critically analyzing the impact that leadership communication has on employee engagement. In evaluating leadership effectiveness, one of the critical aspects that are evaluated is how leadership communication impacts on the employees’ commitment towards achieving organizational goals and objectives (Dixon 1998, p. 15).  

Culture Theory and Popular Culture Essay Example for Free

Culture Theory and Popular Culture Essay The study of culture has, over the last few years, been quite dramatically transformed as questions of modernity and post-modernity have replaced the more familiar concepts of ideology and hegemony which, from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s, anchored cultural analysis firmly within the neo-Marxist field mapped out by Althusser and Gramsci. Modernity and post-modernity have also moved far beyond the academic fields of media or cultural studies. Hardly one branch of the arts, humanities or social sciences has remained untouched by the debates which have accompanied their presence. They have also found their way into the quality press and on to TV, and of course they have entered the art school studios informing and giving shape to the way in which art practitioners including architects, painters and film-makers define and execute their work. Good or bad, to be welcomed or reviled, these terms have corresponded to some sea-change in the way in which cultural intellectuals and practitioners experience and seek to understand the world in the late 1980s and into the 1990s. Storey claimed that â€Å"postmodernism has disturbed many of the old certainties surrounding questions of cultural value. † This work will consider the issues of postmodernism versus modernism mostly from the perspective of the critics of postmodernism with reference to ‘good’ and ‘bad’ taste. Post-modern cultural movements first emerged in the 1960s in painting, architecture, and literary criticism. Pop art challenged modernist art by experimenting with new cultural forms and contents that embraced everyday life, radical eclecticism, subcultures, mass media, and consumerism. Sociologist Daniel Bell was one of the first to take up the challenge of postmodernism. In The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (1976) he identified a moral crisis in Western society bound up with the decline of Puritan bourgeois culture and the ascendence of a post-modern culture that he described in terms of an aesthetic relativism and a hedonistic individualism. Yet the most formidable critic of postmodernism and defender of modernity has been German philosopher and heir to the Frankfurt School tradition of critical theory — Jurgen Habermas. There are two problems with postmodernism. The first problem comes into focus around the meaning of the term fragmentation. This is a word which, through over-usage in recent cultural debates, has become shorn of meaning. Post-modernity has been associated by Fredric Jameson (1984) with the emergence of a broken, fractured shadow of a man. The tinny shallowness of mass culture is, he argues, directly reflected in the schizophrenic subject of contemporary mass consciousness. Against Jameson, Stuart Hall (1981) has recently said that it is just this decentring of consciousness which allows him, as a black person, to emerge, divided, yes, but now fully foregrounded on the post-modern stage. So one of the fascinating things about this discussion is to find myself centred at last. Now that, in the postmodern age, you all feel so dispersed I become centred. What Ive thought of as dispersed and fragmented comes, paradoxically, to be the representative modern condition! This is coming home with a vengeance (34). These are, then, two perspectives on the problem of postmodern fragmentation. There is Jameson, who looks back nostalgically to the notion of unity or totality and who sees in this a kind of prerequisite for radical politics, a goal to be striven for. And there is Hall, who sees in fragmentation something more reflective of the ongoing and historical condition of subaltern groups. Jamesons unified man could be taken to be a preFreudian, Enlightenment subject, and thus be discredited by those who have paid attention to Lacans notion of the fragmented subject. But the endorsement of post-modern fragmentation is equally not without its own problems. Have we become more fragmented than before? Can we specifically name a time and a place for the moment of fragmentation? Is fragmentation the other of humanity? Or is the representation of fragmentation coincidental with political empowerment and liberation? Christopher Norris (1990) has argued that post-modernity (and postmodern fragmentation) stands at the end of the long line of intellectual inquiry which starts with Saussure, works its way through post-structuralism and Lacanian psychoanalysis and ends with Baudrillard. In Norriss terms fragmentation is to be understood as marking an absolute and irreparable break with the unified subject, a break which is now writ large in culture. Present-day fragmented subjectivity is captured and expressed in post-modern cultural forms, a kind of superficial pick-and-mix of styles. According to Jameson, however, unfragmented subjectivity, by contrast, produced great works of uncluttered heroic modernism. There is a degree of slippage in the connections being made here. The problem lies, at least partly, in the imprecise use of the word fragmentation. There is a vacillation between the high psychoanalytical use of Lacan and a much looser notion, one which seems to sum up unsatisfactory aspects of contemporary cultural experience. Modernists, however, also felt confused and fragmented. Fragmentation, as a kind of structure of feeling, is by no means the sole property of those living under the shadow of the post-modern condition. Bewilderment, anxiety, panic: such expressions can be attributed to any historical moment as it is transposed into cultural and artistic expression over the last a hundred and fifty years. The category of fragmentation seems to have become either too technical to be of general use (i. e. in Lacans work) or too vague to mean anything more than torn apart. The second question which might be asked of neo-Marxist critics of postmodernity, concerns determination, and the return to a form of economic reductionism in cultural theory. Fredric Jameson argues that postmodernism is the cultural logic of capital, but his argument, as Paul Hirst writing about trends in both New Times and post-modern writing, has suggested, slips from a rigid causal determinism into casual metaphor (45). Jameson, going back to Mandels Late Capitalism, has argued that the kinds of cultural phenomena which might be described as post-modern form part of the logic of advanced or late capitalism. This does away, at a sweep, with the difficult issue of explaining the precise nature of the social and ideological relationships which mediate between the economy and the sphere of culture and it simultaneously restores a rather old-fashioned notion of determination to that place it had occupied prior to Althussers relative autonomy and his idea of determination in the last instance (67). Quoting Lyotard, Harvey (1989) takes up the notion of the temporary contract as the hallmark of post-modern social relations. What he sees prevailing in production, in the guise of new forms of work, he also sees prevailing in emotional life and in culture, in the temporary contract of love and sexuality. Like Jameson he decries this state and looks forward to something more robust and more reliable, something from which a less fractured sense of self and community might emerge. He views postmodern culture disparagingly, as aesthetic rather than ethical, reflecting an avoidance of politics rather than a rising to the challenge of a politics posed by new or changing conditions of production. Despite their sweeping rejection of post-modern writing, both Jameson and Harvey take advantage of the conceptual and methodological breadth found in these theories to circumvent (or short-circuit) the key problems which have arisen in cultural studies in the attempt to specify and under-stand the social relations which connect culture to the conditions of its production. Their conceptual leap into a critique of postmodernism allows these writers to avoid confronting more directly the place of Marxism in cultural studies from the late 1980s into the 1990s, a moment at which Marxism cannot be seen in terms other than those of eclipse or decline. Postmodernism exists, therefore, as something of a convenient bete noire. It allows for the evasion of the logic of cultural studies, if we take that logic to be the problematizing of the relations between culture and the economy and between culture and politics, in an age where the field of culture appears to be increasingly expansive and where both politics and economics might even be seen, at one level, as being conducted in and through culture. Structuralism has replaced old orthodoxies with new ones. This is apparent in its rereading of texts highly placed within an already existing literary or aesthetic hierarchy. Elsewhere it constructs a new hierarchy, with Hollywood classics at the top, followed by selected advertising images, and girls and womens magazines rounding it off. Other forms of representation, particularly music and dance, are missing altogether. Andreas Huyssen in his 1984 introduction to postmodernism draws attention to this high structuralist preference for the works of high modernism, especially the writing of James Joyce or Mallarme. There is no doubt that centre stage in critical theory is held by the classical modernists: Flaubert†¦in Barthes†¦Mallarme and Artaud in Derrida, Magritte†¦ in Foucault†¦Joyce and Artaud in Kristeva†¦and so on ad infinitum (Huyssen, 1984:39). He argues that this reproduces unhelpfully the old distinction between the high arts and the low, less serious, popular arts. He goes on to comment: Pop in the broadest sense was the context in which a notion of the post-modern first took shape†¦and the most significant trends within postmodernism have challenged modernisms relentless hostility to mass culture. High theory was simply not equipped to deal with multilayered pop. Nor did it ever show much enthusiasm about this set of forms, perhaps because pop has never signified within one discrete discourse, but instead combines images with performance, music with film or video, and pin-ups with the magazine form itself’ (Huyssen, 1984:16). In recent article, where Hebdige (1988) engages directly with the question of postmodernism, he disavows the playful elements in Subculture†¦and, more manifestly, in the new fashion and style magazines. In contrast with what he sees now as an excess of style, a celebration of artifice and a strong cultural preference for pastiche, Hebdige seeks out the reassuringly real. He suggests that the slick joky tone of postmodernism, especially that found on the pages of The Face, represents a disengagement with the real, and an evasion of social responsibility. He therefore insists on a return to the world of hunger, exploitation and oppression and with it a resurrection of unfragmented, recognizable subjectivity. He fleetingly engages with an important characteristic of the post-modern condition, that is, the death of subjectivity and the emergence, in its place, of widespread social schizophrenia. Hebdige seems to be saying that if this rupturing of identity is what postmodernism is about, then he would rather turn his back on it. The position of Clement Greenberg in his 1980 lecture entitled The Notion of the Post-Modern could be summarized in the following terms: modernism in painting has been, since its inception with Manet and the impressionists, a heroic struggle against the encroachment of bad taste or kitsch in the domain of art; postmodernism is only the latest name under which commercial bad taste, masquerading as sophisticated â€Å"advancedness,† challenges the integrity of art. Any deviation from modernism, then, involves a betrayal or corruption of aesthetic standards. Seen from this vantage point, the â€Å"post-modern† cannot be much more than a renewed â€Å"urge to relax,† particularly pervasive after the advent of pop art, with its deleterious effects on the art world. This type of argument (modernisms self-conscious mission, to exorcise bad taste from the domain of high art, is today as urgent as it ever was) appears in a variety of forms and shapes in the writings of the defenders of modernist purity against the infiltrations of commercialism and fashion. This realized art, however, is not in a harmonious universal style as Mondrian was envisaging. It consists mostly in forms of art considered banal, sentimental, and in bad taste by most in the Fine Art artworld. Further, because so many people have no interest in Fine Art, it is often thought that visual art has somehow lost its relevance and potency. People ask what the point of art is, and whether it is worthwhile spending public money on art. When people think of art, they think of Fine Art, and the influence of Fine Art seems to be in decline. However, although Fine Art seems to be in decline as a cultural force, visual art has more power in culture now than it ever had. Visual art is not all Fine Art. There is a diversity of kinds of art in contemporary culture. Besides Fine Art, there is also Popular Art, Design Art, and advertising. What Fine Art does for us is just a small part of the total cultural value we get from art. As traditional culture recedes from memory, and technology changes our lifestyles, people look for new values and lifestyles. These new values and lifestyles are carried by the art broadcast over the mass media and on the products we buy. The mass-media arts define our heroes and tell us about the good. Advertisements define pleasure and lifestyle. With mass-market goods we dress our bodies and houses in art, thus using art to define who we are. These contemporary visual arts play a large part in shaping our values, fantasies, and lifestyles. However, conventional art histories tend not to treat the other powerful visual arts of our own time beyond Fine Art, namely, Popular Art, Design Art, and advertising. Advertising is not considered â€Å"art† because it is not functionless beyond being aesthetic. Also, the advertising does not typically show personal expressive creativity. So, the Design Arts are typically considered mere decoration. Popular Art is thought of as in bad taste, banal, sentimental, and so not worthy of consideration either. Since art histories are only looking at â€Å"good† art, they tend not to consider these other arts. Standing as they most often do within the Fine Art art world, art historians use the ideology and sense of artistic value of Fine Art to evaluate all art. From the perspective of the contemporary art world, Popular Art is thought of as a kind of Fine Art; that is, bad Fine Art or Fine Art in bad taste. It seems hackneyed and banal to the Fine Art art world. From their perspective, popular taste is bad taste. For example, Osvaldo Yero, an artist who emerged in the 1990s, has based his work on the technique and poetics of the plaster figures. These figures, mostly decorations, but also religious images, were perhaps considered the last gasp of bad taste. They constituted the epitome of â€Å"uncultivated† appropriation of icons from the â€Å"high† culture as well as from mass culture, done in a poor and artificial material par excellence, worked clumsily in a semi-industrial technique and polychromed with pretentious attempts at elegance. They symbolized the triumph of â€Å"vulgarity, † the failure of the â€Å"aesthetic education of the masses† proposed by socialism. By the 1920s business and advertising agencies had realized that putting style and color choices into the products they made increased consumption. Through the use of advertising and by designing stylistic variety into their products, manufacturers elevated things into the category of fashion goods that had before just been utility goods, like towels, bedding, and bathroom fixtures. Previously these items did not have any style component, but now designers added decoration to their functional design. This meant that now consumers could choose products not just for function, but also for style. People could now have pink sheets, green toilets, and blue phones. There is a tension in design style between aesthetic formalist styles like the international style, and design styles that are figurative. Those favoring figurative design tend to think of products as coming in a great variety and designed to appeal to the various tastes of consumers. Here the style of the products are not dictated by function, but by market pressures. This is a further development of design for sales. This gave rise to what is known as niche marketing, where the styling is targeted to a smaller, more specific group than mass marketing is. Thus, they shun the idea of a unified worldwide machine aesthetic. For example, a razor can be pink with flowers on it to target it to female users, and black with blue accent lines to target it to male users. The razor is the same, but the razor is packaged with different styling to sell the product to different markets. In designing for niche markets, the styling reflects the class, age group, profession, and aspirations of the target group. This goes hand in hand with advertising, and requires a great deal of research to discover what these values are and what styling motifs succeed in communicating them. The exemplary text or the single, richly coded image gives way to the textual thickness and the visual density of everyday life, as though the slow, even languid look of the semiologist is, by the 1980s, out of tempo with the times. The field of postmodernism certainly expresses a frustration, not merely with this seemingly languid pace, but with its increasing inability to make tangible connections between the general conditions of life today and the practice of cultural analysis. Structuralism has also replaced old orthodoxies with new ones. This is apparent in its rereading of texts highly placed within an already existing literary or aesthetic hierarchy. Elsewhere it constructs a new hierarchy, with Hollywood classics at the top, followed by selected advertising images, and girls and womens magazines rounding it off. Other forms of representation, particularly music and dance, are missing altogether. Huyssen argues that â€Å"Pop in the broadest sense was the context in which a notion of the post-modern first took shape, and the most significant trends within postmodernism have challenged modernisms relentless hostility to mass culture. High theory was simply not equipped to deal with multilayered pop. † References Bell, Daniel. (1976). The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books. C. Norris, Lost in the funhouse: Baudrillard and the politics of postmodernism, in R. Boyne and A. Rattansi (eds) Postmodernism and Society, London, Macmillan, 1990. Hall, Stuart, Connell, Ian and Curti, Lidia (1981). The unity of current affairs television, in T. Bennett et al. (eds) Popular Television and Film, London: BFI. Harvey, David (1989). The Condition of Postmodernity, Oxford: Blackwell. Hebdige, Dick (1979). Subculture: The Meaning of Style, London: Routledge. Huyssen, A. (1984). Mapping the postmodern, New German Critique 33. Jameson, Fredric (1984). Postmodernism, or the cultural logic of late capitalism, New Left Review 146.

Possibilities in Ralph Waldo Ellisons Invisible Man :: Ralph Waldo Ellison Invisible Man Essays

Possibilities in Ralph Waldo Ellison's Invisible Man In the 1900’s opportunities for black people were very limited compared to the 21st century, where jobs are in abundance and more people seek-out for those opportunities. According to Webster’s New World Dictionary, edited by Neufeldt and Sparks, an opportunity is, â€Å"A combination of circumstances favorable for the purpose; a good chance as to advance oneself† (413). It is not what opportunity is made available unto oneself but what decision is made to advance oneself to a higher level in life. In Invisible Man, Ralph Waldo Ellison on the belief of a land of infinite possibilities/opportunities composed this novel; his first novel. Ellison believed that a wise and opportune person can turn a pile of rocks into a bag of rocks; basically saying that one may take what they have available unto them, and create better opportunities, for themselves and other generations to come. Invisible Man is about finding oneself and in that nature of discovery, running with one’s destiny, and making any possibility into infinite possibilities, turning the smallest of opportunities into the biggest of opportunities. Invisible Man is about finding possibilities where possibilities seem impossible. Ralph Waldo Ellison was born on March 1st in 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Ellison gained international fame from his first novel Invisible Man, which was inspired from his belief in the myth of the frontier, where he viewed the United States as the land of infinite possibilities and opportunities. The close-knit black community in which Ellison grew up in supplied him with images of courage and endurance. While growing up many of times one may find themselves searching for their purpose in life through the different activities that one may join and often times quit in search of something of better interest, something that he/she may feel fits their personality/character in a better manner. Darnell Tingle once said, â€Å"Character is what you know you are, not what others think you have†. While Ellison was surrounded by the faces of unfamiliarity he also felt lost, however invisible at the same time, wondering ‘What am I doing here†¦ is this place really for me†¦ do I want this?’ Ellison tried to find himself while asking others around him questions only he could answer.

Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict

Introduction From the beginning of the 1988 a conflict lasts between the South Caucasian nations of Azerbaijan and Armenia over the ownership area of Nagorno-Karabakh. The conflict has resulted in a considerable crisis especially in Azerbaijan, with the number of dislocated refugees close to approximately one million. As a result of the war over the NK region with Armenia, Azerbaijan has lost the entire NK region and 7 more surrounding districts of Lachin, Kelbajar, Agdam, Gabrail, Fizuli, Khubadly and Zangilan to Armenia. So Azerbaijan’s territories are occupied and lost fourteen percent of the territory. The conflict is considered as an internal conflict by the major powers and international organizations. As known, from the beginning of 1988 the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh had an intra-state dimension which means the struggle for independence of Nagorno-Karabakh where are populated Armenian population. But since the beginning of 1922 the conflict possesses an inter-state dimension between two sovereign states: Azerbaijan and Armenia. So the conflict has become one of the most intractable disputes in the international arena and it is also the conflict of the region which has the largest geopolitical significance. So Azerbaijan and Armenia, as the two former Soviet Republics fought over the NK region from 1987 to 1994 in the forms of first communal clashes. Despite the fact that both states agreed on a cease-fire on the conflict in May 1994, the outcomes of the war are political turmoil, territorial losses and mass displacements. Though two sides recognized and ceased-fire armed force, but nevertheless conflict or confrontations existing in the form of diplomatic relations and by other ties relations. Problem and Significance The problem of this conflict lies under the disagreement of belligerents: Armenia and Azerbaijan. Especially, on the side of Armenian which occupied over the enclave land and doesn’t want recognize any resolution are contested and suggested by organizations. Here, one of the problems is influence of external powers which can support its side and made financial and military aid. Also here another problem is the refugees’ problem from both sides to the conflict and their integration into society. To this day, discussion of the problem of refugees has focused exclusively on Azeris from Karabakh or Armenia, with no serious mention of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan. A comprehensive and fair solution to the refugee problem, consistent with the most basic international human rights standards, will treat all individuals that qualify as refugees independent of their national identity or current location of residence. But in case of significance, the main issue is the security issue which is so fragile. Because Caucasus states are located nearby Europe, Central Asia, Russia and Islamic states in which there are sufficient problems. It is so fragile because the conflict can effect to the neighbor states. This long-lasting problem must be provided by international organizations which peace-making process is going now and for future keeping safeness or security to the neighbors and for their sovereignty status. And this status must be resolve or guaranteed. Literature Review. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh (NK) region of Azerbaijan, which in its modern form has continued for 20 years, is a complicated case study of multi-vector and multi-layered claims, mostly from the Soviet times, ranging from history, economy, and legal status, used to justify the military occupation (along with seven adjacent regions). The article illustrates that some of the weaker claims were dropped altogether, whilst others were continually mixed with additional charges to make them â€Å"stick†. Despite solid legal, historic and moral grounds, Azerbaijan has been lagging in clarifying and explaining the fictitious charges of NK’s supposed transfer to Azerbaijan’s suzerainty in 1920s, the legal status of NK itself, its economic and financial well-being, and the impossibility to apply the 3 April 1990 Soviet Law on Succession to the NK case whether for the purposes of justifying its independence or attachment to Armenia. Despite all the challenges and blame shared by all sides, NK and adjacent currently occupied territories are recognized as part of Azerbaijan, with the latter retaining all rights, including military, to return it under its full sovereignty. So, there are many scholars that wrote articles about Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. I want to mention some famous scholars’ articles. Philip Gamaghelyan wrote article about â€Å"Intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: A myth or a reality? He provides a stakeholder analysis and examines political, economic, security and socio-cultural dynamics of the conflict. Distinguishing between the positions and the interests of the main actors, the paper evaluates the peace process, reveals the factors accounting for its continuing failure and develops recommendations on how the conflict can be resolved. This article is intended to call in question the myth of the intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Philip Gamaghelyan: â€Å"The ‘intractability’ of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is not attributable to the lack of vitality of a particular solution†. He also argues that any agreement that establishes a definite solution would require some concessions would dissatisfy one or both parties and would produce powerful ‘spoilers’ that could sabotage the peace process. Therefore it is necessary not to look for a fast solution, but to develop a long-term strategy of addressing underlying issues of the conflict such as mutual perceptions, security issues and democracy. In our opinion, the ‘intractability’ of the conflict in this article largely originates from the desire of parties to have a sense of the final status of the region, before addressing the underlying problems. I suggest that if this approach is reversed, all other issues are resolved, and an acceptable level of stability and cooperation in the region is achieved, the final status of Nagorno-Karabakh will become less significant, which will make it easier for parties to come to a compromise. Next article â€Å"Democratization as the key to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution† was written by Tigran Mkrtchyan. Tigran Mkrtchyan: â€Å"Theoretically the risks of war or re-emergence of war are reduced by democratization and exacerbated by reversals in the democratization process, but rapid democratization which was the case after the collapse of the Soviet Union may bring weak regimes unable to establish effective control and political order† He mention these questions in his article â€Å"What can democratization give? Can it reach the peace? †. And also he mention â€Å"Political change or democratization can take many different forms and need not proceed in a unidirectional or linear fashion. The significance is that there be steady movement towards democracy in a given state. Changes toward autocracy and reversals of democratization are accompanied by increased risks of war involvement. Reversals are riskier than progress†. At issue therefore is not the rapidity of change toward democracy but the linearity of the process. Also the elections are indeed the first test of democratization, but by fair and transparent elections only one does not build a democratic society. So the ‘dangerous democratization hypothesis’ has suggested that emergent democracies may be quite prone to international violence, largely because of â€Å"deformed† institutional forces. The conflict is an obstacle to democratization, the solution of the war in the long run also rests with democratization. Democratization or â€Å"mature democracies† do not wage wars against each other. The democratization tendencies in the Soviet Union made many ethnic-nationalist conflicts within its space because the democratization was incomplete and political institutions weak. So, he think in order to have complete democratization they need to consolidate their internal institutions and elect or choose a good leader. Last article that I want to mention is â€Å"Nagorno-Karabakh: basis and reality of Soviet-era legal and economic claims used to justify the Armenia-Azerbaijan war† written by Adil Baguirov. In his article he maintain that regarding the early claims that the economy of NK region was supposedly deliberately neglected by Soviet Azerbaijani authorities, to both â€Å"punish† and â€Å"root out† Armenians, and this, allegedly, left no choice than for Armenian separatism and military action. Ironically, this argument did not stand the test of time and has been disproved by the fact, that the economic situation of the remaining Armenians in the occupied territories today is hardly better than it was before the war. This is not only the consensus of foreign journalists visiting the occupied territories, but also of the OSCE fact-finding mission in February 2005 – he argues such like this in his article. Hypothesis. Russian’s support to Armenia led to occupation 20% of territories of Azerbaijan. Hence we understand that Russia totally support Armenian Governments and it is a one of the cause unresolved long – lasting conflict. Russia behind of this conflict as known obviously wants to keep influence to Caucasus states especially to Armenia, despite of other major powers in international arena. Subjects of study. In our work we are studying – Russian role in the conflict and its support for Armenia, consequences of the war, possible ways of resolving. To find out the ways of resolving and to determine the right side we also use UN Charter and International Law. Exactly we will look at the International Laws branches – sovereignty of the state, self-defense right and self-determination right. Measurement. As â€Å"Russian support† we mean military, economic and political support of Russia to Armenia and its pressure for the Azerbaijan government. Another term is â€Å"Self-determination right† – means right for determining of their future, political system, sovereignty and etc by groups, nations, and autonomies. â€Å"Self-defense right† – the right for declaring a war for the other state in situation when it attacked first or preparing to attack. References: †¢ Philip Gamaghelyan: â€Å"Intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: a myth or reality? † †¢ Shahen Avakian: â€Å"Nagono-Karabakh, Legal Aspects†. †¢ www. flashpoints. info Nagorno-Karabakh: Azebaijani and Armenian perspectives. †¢ Tigran Mkrtchyan: â€Å"Democratization as the key to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution† †¢ www. wikipedia. org Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict †¢ Nora Dudwick, â€Å"Armenia: Paradise Regained or Lost? † in Ian Bremmer & Ray Taras (Ed. ), New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 84; †¢ George Joffe, â€Å"Nationalities and Borders in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus,† in John F. R. Wright, Suzanne Goldenberg and Richard Schofield (Ed. ), Transcaucasian Boundaries, (London: UCL Press, 1996), p. 25 †¢ Adil Baguirov: â€Å"Nagorno-Karabakh: basis and reality of Soviet-era legal and economic cl aims used to justify the Armenia-Azerbaijan war† †¢ Turkish Weekly Journal:† Nagorno-Karabakh Problem: Claims, Counter Claims and Impasse† by Guner Ozkan

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Chapter 7: Review Question : 3 3Q) How do the Internet and Internet technology work, and how do they support communication and e-business? Ans) The Internet is a worldwide network of networks that uses the client/server model of computing and the TCP/IP network reference model. Every computer on the Internet is assigned a unique numeric IP address. The Domain Name System (DNS) converts IP addresses to more user-friendly domain names. Worldwide Internet policies are established by organizations and government bodies, such as the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Define the Internet, describe how it works, and explain how it provides business value. The Internet has become the world’s most extensive, public communication system that now rivals the global telephone system in reach and range. Most homes and small businesses connect to the Internet by subscribing to an Internet service e provider. An Internet service provider (ISP) is a comm ercial organization with a permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary connections to retail subscribers. †¢Explain how the Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addressing system work.It would be incredibly difficult for Internet users to remember strings of 12 numbers; the Domain Name System (DNS) converts domain names to IP addresses. The domain name is the English-like name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric IP address for each computer connected to the Internet. DNS servers maintain a database containing IP addresses mapped to their corresponding domain names. To access a computer on the Internet, users need only specify its domain name. DNS has a hierarchical structure. At the top of the DNS hierarchy is the root domain.The child domain of the root is called a top-level domain, and the child domain of a top-level domain is called is a second-level domain. The Internet is based on the TCP/IP networking protocol suite. Every computer on the Internet is as signed a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address, which currently is a 32-bit number represented by four strings of numbers ranging from 0 to 255 separated by periods. When a user sends a message to another user on the Internet, the message is first decomposed into packets using the TCP protocol. Each packet contains its destination address.The packets are then sent from the client to the network server and from there on to as many other servers as necessary to arrive at a specific computer with a known address. At the destination address, the packets are reassembled into the original message. †¢List and describe the principal Internet services. A client computer connecting to the Internet has access to a variety of services. These services include e-mail, electronic discussion groups, chatting and instant messaging, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and the Web.E-mail: E-mail enables messages to be exchanged from computer to computer, with capabilities for routing messages t o multiple recipients, forwarding messages, and attaching text documents or multimedia files to messages. Although some organizations operate their own internal electronic mail systems, most e-mail today is sent through the Internet. The costs of e-mail is far lower than equivalent voice, postal, or overnight delivery costs, making the Internet a very inexpensive and rapid communications medium. Chatting:Many workplaces have employees communicating interactively using chat or instant messaging tools. Chatting enables two or more people who are simultaneously connected to the Internet to hold live, interactive conversations. Chat systems now support voice and video chat as well as written conversations. Many online retail businesses offer chat services on their Web sites to attract visitors, to encourage repeat purchases, and to improve customer service. Instant Messaging: Instant messaging is a type of chat service that enables participants to create their own private chat channels. The instant messaging system alerts the user whenever someone on his or her private list is online so that the user can initiate a chat session with other individuals. Instant messaging systems for consumers include Yahoo! Messenger, Google Talk, and Windows Live Messenger. Companies concerned with security use proprietary instant messaging systems such as Lotus Sametime. News Groups: Newsgroups are worldwide discussion groups posted on Internet electronic bulletin boards on which people share information and ideas on a defined topic, such as radiology or rock bands.Anyone can post messages on these bulletin boards for others to read. Many thousands of groups exist that discuss almost all conceivable topics. File Transfer Protocol(FTP): Transferring files from one computer to another computer. These files can be transferred through internet by using communication software’s like chatting, instant messaging and many. Web: The Web is the most popular Internet service. Itâ€℠¢s a system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information using client/server architecture.Web pages are formatted using hypertext with embedded links that connect documents to one another and that also link pages to other objects, such as sound, video, or animation files. When you click a graphic and a video clip plays, you have clicked a hyperlink. †¢Define and describe VoIP and virtual private networks, and explain how they provide value to businesses. The Internet has also become a popular platform for voice transmission and corporate networking. Voice over IP (VoIP) technology delivers voice information in digital form using packet switching, avoiding the tolls charged by local and long-distance telephone networks.Calls that would ordinarily be transmitted over public telephone networks travel over the corporate network based on the Internet Protocol, or the public Internet. Voice calls can be made and received with a c omputer equipped with a microphone and speakers or with a VoIP-enabled telephone. Although there are up-front investments required for an IP phone system, VoIP can reduce communication and network management costs by 20 to 30 percent. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a secure, encrypted, private network that has been configured within a public network to take advantage of the economies of cale and management facilities of large networks, such as the Internet). A VPN provides your firm with secure, encrypted communications at a much lower cost than the same capabilities offered by traditional non-Internet providers who use their private networks to secure communications. VPNs also provide a network infrastructure for combining voice and data networks. Several competing protocols are used to protect data transmitted over the public Internet, including Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). †¢List and describe alternative ways of locating information on the Web.The various al ternative ways of locating information on the Web are namely: Search Engines: Search engines attempt to solve the problem of finding useful information on the Web nearly instantly, and, arguably, they are the â€Å"killer app† of the Internet era. Today’s search engines can sift through HTML files, files of Microsoft Office applications, PDF files, as well as audio, video, and image files. There are hundreds of different search engines in the world, but the vast majority of search results are supplied by three top providers: Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft’s Bing search engine. Intelligent Agent Shopping Bots : Shopping bots use intelligent agent software for searching the Internet for shopping information. Shopping bots such as MySimon or Google Product Search can help people interested in making a purchase filter and retrieve information about products of interest, evaluate competing products according to criteria the users have established, and negotiate with ve ndors for price and delivery terms.Many of these shopping agents search the Web for pricing and availability of products specified by the user and returns a list of sites that sell the item along with pricing information and a purchase link. Web-Blogs: A blog, the popular term for a Weblog, is a personal Web site that typically contains a series of chronological entries (newest to oldest) by its author, and links to related Web pages. The blog may include a blog roll (a collection of links to other blogs) and trackbacks (a list of entries in other blogs that refer to a post on the first blog Wiki’s:Wikis, in contrast, are collaborative Web sites where visitors can add, delete, or modify content on the site, including the work of previous authors. Wiki software typically provides a template that defines layout and elements common to all pages, displays user-editable software program code, and then renders the content into an HTML-based page for display in a Web browser. Social Networking: Social networking sites enable users to build communities of friends and professional colleagues.Members each typically create a â€Å"profile,† a Web page for posting photos, videos, MP3 files, and text, and then share these profiles with others on the service identified as their â€Å"friends† or contacts. Social networking sites are highly interactive, offer real-time user control, rely on user-generated content, and are broadly based on social participation and sharing of content and opinions. †¢Compare Web 2. 0 and Web 3. 0. Web 2. 0 facilitates interaction between web users and sites, so it allows users to interact more freely with each other.Web 2. 0 encourages participation, collaboration, and information sharing. This web 2. 0 is also called as â€Å"Second generation World Wide Web. † Examples of Web 2. 0 applications are Youtube, Wiki, Flickr, Facebook, and so on. This is also termed as ‘ read-write web ‘. Web 3. 0 is als o called as â€Å"Semantic web† which means web for the future. In Web 3. 0, computers can interpret information like humans and intelligently generate and distribute useful content tailored to the needs of users. Web 3. 0 is known as the â€Å"Third generation of World Wide Web†.With the help of Web 3. 0, web content was easily carried in the form of natural language. It also consist of micro formats, natural language search, recommendation agents which are commonly known as AI i. e. Artificial Intelligence. One example of Web 3. 0 is Tivo, a digital video recorder. Its recording program can search the web and read what it finds to you based on your preferences. Reference: Kenneth C. Laudon , Jane P. Laudon — Management Information System: managing the digital firm 12th Edition. [Page numbers: 251 – 274]

Free Essays on East Of Eden

Love is the inspiring force behind all conflicts in the book East of Eden by John Steinbeck. Every character, in one way or another, is possessed by love, to do things that aren’t always well thought out. Cyrus, Charles, Adam, Cathy, Aron, and Cal Trask are all in a continual battle for each other’s love. In certain cases this battle ends in death or close to. Cyrus Trask established his love for his family by training his boys all their lives to prepare for war. To Cyrus, the army was the most respectable job that one could have. So he saw no conflict (even though it was an apparent one) in the fact that even though he loved his son, he was sending him off to his death. He picked the son he loved best, Adam, even though Charles Trask was clearly the natural soldier of the two brothers. In chapter 3 Steinbeck explains, "Charles was a natural athlete and the competitor’s will to win over others, which makes for success in the world†. (Steinbeck 20) â€Å"Young Charles won all contests with Adam whether they involved skill, strength, or intelligence and won them so easily that quite quickly that he had to find his competition among other children." (Steinbeck 20) When Cyrus decided that it was Adam who was to go to into the army it was made apparent that he loved Adam more than Charles. He would only give the distinct order to go and become a soldier to his most prized son. Charles loved his father more than Adam ever did. In fact, Adam claims to hate his father. Charles and Adam have a divided relationship when Adam gets back from the war. Charles wants nothing more than to know that his father loves him. He does everything he can, buys him nice presents, is very obedient, and takes care of the farm when both men leave. It is ironic that the one who wanted and needed love the most was the one who received it the least. This lack of love creates jealousy that comes out as violence from Charles. After Cyrus had chosen Adam, Cha... Free Essays on East Of Eden Free Essays on East Of Eden If I could recommend a work of fiction to read and be contemplated by my fellow classmates, it would be John Steinbeck’s East of Eden. East of Eden parallels Genesis times, with a traditional good versus evil story line. The profound depth of the novel leaves one with knowledge and insight for everyday life. East of Eden is the most stimulating novel I have ever read. It is set in the early twentieth century, a time of hardships and a specific struggle for identity. Steinbeck gives the readers Cathy, the incarnation of evil. He symbolically has Adam as the protagonist of the novel. Cathy fights against the traditional role of women and is determined to be in control, while Adam, the innocent bystander, has an almost fatal downfall caused by being too trusting. Caleb and Aron, Adam‘s sons, relive the story of Cain and Abel while learning the consequences of favoritism and preferred love. Everyone can connect to a character in East of Eden and the inner struggles the characters experience, while also relating to the bigger conflicts exhibited. Steinbeck seems to ask the question, â€Å"Is life a carousel revolving around predestined fate or can we choose our own destiny and not repeat the mistakes of history.† To read the novel means the reader is certain to judge the battles in their own life. East of Eden carries a hopeful message to all readers that the endurance of love and decisions from the heart will prevail over all obstacles.... Free Essays on East Of Eden In East of Eden, John Steinbeck explores man’s role in the battle of good versus evil. The story of the Trask family strongly mirrors the story of Cain and Abel in the Bible. Steinbeck questions throughout the novel whether or not the descendants of the Trask family, particularly Adam’s son Cal, can escape the pattern. Steinbeck expresses his opinion through Adam’s insightful Chinese servant, Lee. After much research, Lee tells Samuel Hamilton and Adam Trask: Don’t you see? The American Standard translation orders men to triumph over sin, and you call sin ignorance. The King James translation makes a promise in â€Å"Thou shalt,† meaning that men will surely triumph over sin. But the Hebrew word, the word timshel â€Å"Thou mayest† – that gives a choice. It might be the most important word in the world. That says the way is open. That throws it right back on a man. For if â€Å"Thou mayest† – it is also true that â€Å"Thou mayest not.† Don’t you see? In this passage, Steinbeck explores man’s role in the central theme of the novel, the battle between good and evil. Lee’s thoughts about the story of Cain and Abel contribute greatly to both the plot and the theme of the novel. His studies of the Hebrew word timshel provide hope to Adam’s son Cal that he will be able to break the chain of the Trask family. It also foreshadows Cal success in completing the task. As far as theme is concerned, Lee’s studies of the word timshel show that man can affect the battle between good and evil by his choice. Steinbeck discovered through the novel the importance of choice in every man. Lee’s exploration of the Hebrew word timshel shows that man can truly affect his life. The one flaw in East of Eden, as most critics agree, is Cathy. Steinbeck describes Cathy as being born evil, so she did not have a choice. However, this flaw makes East of Eden more realistic because perfection would make the story see... Free Essays on East Of Eden The central point that I’ve seen so far in East of Eden is that it dramatizes the continuous conflict between good and evil within individuals and in society as a whole. The most important contrast explored in this first section, however, is that between the large, loving Hamilton family and the small, tension-ridden Trask family. The difference between these two families represents the differing moral environments in which their children later develop. In this essay, I will try to explain how Steinbeck explores the clash between good and evil through a number of contrasts; his introduction, and the main focus who are Adam and Charles. Steinbeck begins the novel with a detailed description of the natural landscape and beauty of the Salinas Valley where he grew up, establishing an important early symbol for the conflict between good and evil: the contrast between the dark, threatening Santa Lucia Mountains to the west and the bright, welcoming Gablian Mountains to the east. The narrator, whose voice is really that of Steinbeck, says that he learned to tell east from west by looking at these mountains, symbolizing the human dilemma of having to find the way between light and darkness, goodness and evil. The narrator then tells about his grandparents, Samuel and Liza Hamilton, who arrive in the valley from Ireland. They have to settle on the worst land, as the best is already taken. Samuel begins working as a blacksmith to support his nine children; he also works as a well digger and as an unlicensed doctor. Samuel Hamilton is a powerful symbol of good and his bond with his family is very strong. Cyrus Trask, on the other hand, is a menacing symbol of corruption and familial divisiveness. Within the Trask family, the focus of this section, the contrast between Charles and Adam is of significant importance. The plot is essentially a complicated retelling of the Biblical story of Cain and Abel. Adam is kind and good-natured, while C... Free Essays on East Of Eden Love is the inspiring force behind all conflicts in the book East of Eden by John Steinbeck. Every character, in one way or another, is possessed by love, to do things that aren’t always well thought out. Cyrus, Charles, Adam, Cathy, Aron, and Cal Trask are all in a continual battle for each other’s love. In certain cases this battle ends in death or close to. Cyrus Trask established his love for his family by training his boys all their lives to prepare for war. To Cyrus, the army was the most respectable job that one could have. So he saw no conflict (even though it was an apparent one) in the fact that even though he loved his son, he was sending him off to his death. He picked the son he loved best, Adam, even though Charles Trask was clearly the natural soldier of the two brothers. In chapter 3 Steinbeck explains, "Charles was a natural athlete and the competitor’s will to win over others, which makes for success in the world†. (Steinbeck 20) â€Å"Young Charles won all contests with Adam whether they involved skill, strength, or intelligence and won them so easily that quite quickly that he had to find his competition among other children." (Steinbeck 20) When Cyrus decided that it was Adam who was to go to into the army it was made apparent that he loved Adam more than Charles. He would only give the distinct order to go and become a soldier to his most prized son. Charles loved his father more than Adam ever did. In fact, Adam claims to hate his father. Charles and Adam have a divided relationship when Adam gets back from the war. Charles wants nothing more than to know that his father loves him. He does everything he can, buys him nice presents, is very obedient, and takes care of the farm when both men leave. It is ironic that the one who wanted and needed love the most was the one who received it the least. This lack of love creates jealousy that comes out as violence from Charles. After Cyrus had chosen Adam, Cha...

How to Find Enumeration District Maps

How to Find Enumeration District Maps An enumeration district (ED) is a geographic area assigned to an individual census taker, or enumerator, usually representing a specific portion of a city or county. The coverage area of a single enumeration district, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, is the area for which an enumerator could complete a count of the population within the allotted time for that particular census year. The size of an ED can range from a single city block (occasionally even a portion of a block if it is located within a large city packed with high-rise apartment buildings) to an entire county in sparsely populated rural areas. Each enumeration district designated for a particular census was assigned a number. For more recently released censuses, such as 1930 and 1940, each county within a state was assigned a number and then a smaller ED area within the county was assigned a second number, with the two numbers joined with a hyphen. In 1940, John Robert Marsh and his wife, Margaret Mitchell, famous author of Gone With the Wind, were living in a condo at 1 South Prado (1268 Piedmont Ave) in Atlanta, Georgia. Their 1940 Enumeration District (ED) is 160–196, with 160 representing the City of Atlanta, and 196 designating the individual ED within the city designated by the cross streets of S. Prado and Piedmont Ave. What Is an Enumerator? An enumerator, commonly called a census taker, is an individual temporarily employed by the U.S. Census Bureau to collect census information by going house to house in their assigned enumeration district. Enumerators are paid for their work and provided with detailed instructions on how and when to gather the information about each individual living within their assigned enumeration district(s) for a particular census. For the 1940 Census enumeration, each enumerator had either 2 weeks or 30 days to obtain information from each individual within their enumeration district. Using Enumeration Districts for Genealogy Now that US census records are indexed and available online, Enumeration Districts arent as important to genealogists as they once were. They can still be helpful, however, in certain situations. When you cant locate an individual in the index, then browse page-by-page through the records of the ED where you expect your relatives to be living. Enumeration District maps are also helpful for determining the order that an enumerator may have worked his way through his particular district, helping you to visualize the neighborhood and identify neighbors. How to Locate an Enumeration District To identify an individuals enumeration district, we need to know where they were living at the time the census was taken, including the state, city and street name. The street number is also very helpful in larger cities. With this information, the following tools can help to locate the Enumeration District for each census: Stephen P. Morse’s One-Step Tools website includes ED Finder tools for the 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 U.S. federal censuses.Morse’s One-Step site also offers an ED conversion tool for converting between 1920 and 1930, and 1930 and 1940 Censuses.The National Archives has online ED maps and geographic descriptions for the 1940 census. Descriptions of Census Enumeration Districts 1830–1890 and 1910–1950 can be found on the 156 rolls of NARA microfilm publication T1224. Enumeration District maps for 1900–1940 are available on the 73 rolls of NARA microfilm publication A3378. The Family History Library also has Enumeration District maps and descriptions on FHL microfilm.

Contract management and contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Contract management and contract law - Essay Example In a capitalist world, the law of contract essentially forms a major portion of the society we live in. It is the realm of deliberate agreement and collaboration, to be more specific, contract deals with the activities like exchange and bargain. The purpose of the act of Contracts is to create possibilities, or to assist this action. It helps two or more parties in the function of arranging for the future plans by shielding the anticipations that take place from the process of bargaining. In the process of forming a contract the parties require a lawfulstructure which will provide them with a conventional, consistent, steadyfoundation for theconcealedcategorization of their affairs. Agreements between two or more parties turn into a contract with the intervention of law. A legal contract comprises of five essential elements without which the contract is referred to as invalid. In the following sections we will discuss the various scenarios related to the benefit of the procuring part y as well as we will discuss about the Sale of Goods Act, INCOTERMS and the transfer of risk to the supplier from the viewpoint of the UK Contract Act. Answer 1 The procurement process in my organization must make sure that the five vital tenets of contract are met while entering into a contract with other parties. The five tenets of contract are- 1. Offer- Offer and acceptance are the essential elements of a contract. Before going in depth of the definition of offer and acceptance, let us first recognize the parties involved in the framework of offer and acceptance. ... The five tenets of contract are- 1. Offer- Offer and acceptance are the essential elements of a contract. Before going in depth of the definition of offer and acceptance, let us first recognize the parties involved in the framework of offer and acceptance. The structure of offer and acceptance involves an offeror who puts forth the offer and an offeree, to whom the offer has been made by the offeror. Thus now we can look at the definition of the offer and acceptance framework, which states that an offer is a statement or proposal by an offeror to an offeree with an intention to make lawful relations. An offer cannot be considered simply as an incitement to negotiate or bargain. To make the communication effectual and complete, the offer must be received and accepted by the offeree. In a buying and selling contract, to make an offer legitimate, the following aspects must be clearly defined: Who is the offeror? Who is the offeree? What is the consideration? What is the area under discu ssion of the offer? How many central themes does the offer entail (quantity)? Any communication would be considered as an offer if it signifies the expression on which the person making the offer is ready to create a contract (like setting the price of a product intended to be sold), and provides a clear hint that the offeror wishes to abide by the terms if those are acknowledged by the offeree. Offer can also be made to the general public, for example a marketer offering discount to the people visiting his shop. This kind of offer is generally known as unilateral offer where the offer is addressed to a large number of people and their actions indicate their acceptance of the

Genetically Engineered Crops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Genetically Engineered Crops - Essay Example The essay outlines the genetic engineering for agricultur. The U. S., British, and other governments that envision the biotechnology sector as the wave of the future, and as a means of augmenting their national competitiveness, have strongly supported the industry and its efforts to commercialize (and normalize) these new technologies. They have devoted considerable sums of money to biotechnology research (Gottweis 1998), taken significant strides to deregulate the industry (Wright 1994), and sought to promote the spread of U. S.-style intellectual property rights in the World Trade Organization. The U. S. government in particular has also promoted the dissemination of agricultural biotechnology in developing countries through the U. S. Agency for International Development. With so much economic and political muscle propelling them, it is not surprising that GE crops hit the ground running when they came onto the scene in the mid-1990s. But what is surprising is that the rapid growth in GE crop deployment has been matched by an equally remarkable (and perhaps historically unprecedented) proliferation of citizens' voices challenging the biotechnology industry on economic, environmental, cultural, and moral grounds. Indeed, long before transgenic crops made their way to the market, individuals and groups concerned about the dissemination of these new technologies were already questioning their safety, utility, and necessity. Advances in genetics have reached a stage where breeding schemes can now be augmented with the use of a number of technologies.